DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: In
... area between the markers, resulting in a LacZ+ phenotype. Recombination of a Pool of Point Mutants. When 14 different point-mutated LacZ- colonies, obtained from the experiment described in Fig. 2, were recombined as a pool, 34% (n = 291) of the resulting colonies were LacZ+. These colonies presumab ...
... area between the markers, resulting in a LacZ+ phenotype. Recombination of a Pool of Point Mutants. When 14 different point-mutated LacZ- colonies, obtained from the experiment described in Fig. 2, were recombined as a pool, 34% (n = 291) of the resulting colonies were LacZ+. These colonies presumab ...
Duplication of Small Segments Within the Major
... Cytogenetically, the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) is found in 90% to 95% of CML patients. At the molecular level, this translocation represents the aberrant conjoining of the c-ab1 proto-oncogene from chromosome 9, with the breakpoint cluster region gene (BCR) on chromosome 22. This hybrid gene is t ...
... Cytogenetically, the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) is found in 90% to 95% of CML patients. At the molecular level, this translocation represents the aberrant conjoining of the c-ab1 proto-oncogene from chromosome 9, with the breakpoint cluster region gene (BCR) on chromosome 22. This hybrid gene is t ...
Sequence Alignment
... They give a measure of the frequency of changing from one amino acid to another, as compared to the frequency of random change Derived from global alignments of homologus sequences from different, but closely related, species. The sequences had an average of 1 amino acid change per hundred residues. ...
... They give a measure of the frequency of changing from one amino acid to another, as compared to the frequency of random change Derived from global alignments of homologus sequences from different, but closely related, species. The sequences had an average of 1 amino acid change per hundred residues. ...
Module 1 - Bioinformatics.ca
... Why sequence RNA (versus DNA)? • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
... Why sequence RNA (versus DNA)? • Interpreting mutations that do not have an obvious effect on protein sequence – ‘Regulatory’ mutations that affect what mRNA isoform is expressed and how much • e.g. splice sites, promoters, exonic/intronic splicing motifs, etc. ...
Lec 11 - Development of e
... Earlier workers proposed various hypotheses to explain the nature of genes. For instance, De Vries postulated one gene one character hypothesis according to which a particular trait of an individual is controlled by a particular gene. Bateson and Punnett proposed the presence or absence theory. Acco ...
... Earlier workers proposed various hypotheses to explain the nature of genes. For instance, De Vries postulated one gene one character hypothesis according to which a particular trait of an individual is controlled by a particular gene. Bateson and Punnett proposed the presence or absence theory. Acco ...
interPopula: a Python API to access the HapMap Project dataset
... The HapMap project [1] (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) is an effort to identify and catalogue genetic similarities and differences in humans. The project makes information available on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it more recently added information on copy number variation (CNV). H ...
... The HapMap project [1] (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) is an effort to identify and catalogue genetic similarities and differences in humans. The project makes information available on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it more recently added information on copy number variation (CNV). H ...
Evolutionary origin and functional divergence of totipotent cell
... motif in Dprx or Tprx genes, the tight physical linkage to Pargfx or Crx, respectively, plus the PRD class homeodomain assignment make it highly likely that these genes are also divergent cryptic paralogues of Crx. Since duplicated loci can sometimes retain similar conserved non-coding elements (CNE ...
... motif in Dprx or Tprx genes, the tight physical linkage to Pargfx or Crx, respectively, plus the PRD class homeodomain assignment make it highly likely that these genes are also divergent cryptic paralogues of Crx. Since duplicated loci can sometimes retain similar conserved non-coding elements (CNE ...
Electrophoresis and Hardy Wienberg notes
... A gene is a series of nucleotides that codes for a certain polypeptide (protein). Each gene has at least – Promoter region – Initiation or start site – Coding region – Termination site ...
... A gene is a series of nucleotides that codes for a certain polypeptide (protein). Each gene has at least – Promoter region – Initiation or start site – Coding region – Termination site ...
View PDF
... PWS–AS region was accompanied by (or perhaps caused by) the fusion of SNRPN and UBE3A and the evolution of the ICR. Concurrently, SNURF and the snoRNAs were acquired, and MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN were retroposed into this domain. This occurred after the divergence of eutherians and marsupials 180 MYA, ...
... PWS–AS region was accompanied by (or perhaps caused by) the fusion of SNRPN and UBE3A and the evolution of the ICR. Concurrently, SNURF and the snoRNAs were acquired, and MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN were retroposed into this domain. This occurred after the divergence of eutherians and marsupials 180 MYA, ...
The sequence of a gene encoding convicilin from pea
... pea seeds, in addition to legumin and vicilin [1]. It can be purified from both legumin and vicilin, and it consists solely of polypeptides of Mr approx. 71 000. It does not thus contain polypeptides found in either of the two major storage proteins [2]. On the other hand, convicilin is antigenicall ...
... pea seeds, in addition to legumin and vicilin [1]. It can be purified from both legumin and vicilin, and it consists solely of polypeptides of Mr approx. 71 000. It does not thus contain polypeptides found in either of the two major storage proteins [2]. On the other hand, convicilin is antigenicall ...
Practice exam 2 key
... = 96 mRNA sequences (4 pts) 96 possible (4 pts); -1 pt for each component incorrect; -1 for math error. b) For the FIRST amino acid affected by each mutation, give the original codon(s) and the mutant codon(s) as specifically as possible. Use all the data and show your work. Clearly indicate the typ ...
... = 96 mRNA sequences (4 pts) 96 possible (4 pts); -1 pt for each component incorrect; -1 for math error. b) For the FIRST amino acid affected by each mutation, give the original codon(s) and the mutant codon(s) as specifically as possible. Use all the data and show your work. Clearly indicate the typ ...
C2005/F2401 `07 -- Lecture 19 -- Last Edited
... 1. Chromosomes. DNA (+ associated proteins) visible in microscope as individual structures called chromosomes. DNA tightly coiled, easy to distribute but not accessible to enzymes of replic. and transc. (condensed > 10,000 X). Individual balls of string (in this state) vs unwound, tangled mess (betw ...
... 1. Chromosomes. DNA (+ associated proteins) visible in microscope as individual structures called chromosomes. DNA tightly coiled, easy to distribute but not accessible to enzymes of replic. and transc. (condensed > 10,000 X). Individual balls of string (in this state) vs unwound, tangled mess (betw ...
Nongenic transcription, gene regulation and action at a distance
... but not other genes with powerful upstream activation sequences (e.g. TEF1 and TEF2) (Bi and Broach, 1999), CHA1 – which flanks the HML mating-type locus – becomes a robust barrier when induced by serine (Donze and Kamakaka, 2001), and inverting the β-globin LCR destroys much of its activity (Tanimo ...
... but not other genes with powerful upstream activation sequences (e.g. TEF1 and TEF2) (Bi and Broach, 1999), CHA1 – which flanks the HML mating-type locus – becomes a robust barrier when induced by serine (Donze and Kamakaka, 2001), and inverting the β-globin LCR destroys much of its activity (Tanimo ...
High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome
... in a multi-ethnic panel) typically found to be polymorphic in a Caucasian population (roughly 80%; S. Bolk, personal communication). In addition, we discovered 150 SNPs in this region not reported by the ISMWG. This analysis used SNPs with minor allele frequency greater than 5%. We genotyped six rar ...
... in a multi-ethnic panel) typically found to be polymorphic in a Caucasian population (roughly 80%; S. Bolk, personal communication). In addition, we discovered 150 SNPs in this region not reported by the ISMWG. This analysis used SNPs with minor allele frequency greater than 5%. We genotyped six rar ...
Substitution Rates in a New Silene latifolia Sex
... significantly faster accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction of relaxed purifying selection in Y-linked genes, leading to the accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions and genetic degeneration of the Y-linked genes. ...
... significantly faster accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction of relaxed purifying selection in Y-linked genes, leading to the accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions and genetic degeneration of the Y-linked genes. ...
REVIEW Mouse models of human disease. Part I: Techniques and
... not limited to the lifespan of a single mouse. Because RI strains are inbred, they provide unlimited material for analysis. A major advantage of RI strains for the study of polygenic diseases is that the multiple loci associated with the disease are partially segregated in advance. In fact, a number ...
... not limited to the lifespan of a single mouse. Because RI strains are inbred, they provide unlimited material for analysis. A major advantage of RI strains for the study of polygenic diseases is that the multiple loci associated with the disease are partially segregated in advance. In fact, a number ...
Gene ORGANizer: linking genes to the organs they
... (29), we performed simulations that account for such dependencies (see online Methods for details). We show that our false discovery rates are well <0.05, except for unrealistically high levels of dependency between genes (Supplementary Figure S1). To further assess the level of accuracy in of our D ...
... (29), we performed simulations that account for such dependencies (see online Methods for details). We show that our false discovery rates are well <0.05, except for unrealistically high levels of dependency between genes (Supplementary Figure S1). To further assess the level of accuracy in of our D ...
A physical map of the genome of Hmmophilus
... on the DNA contained in one-third of a complete plug. Restriction einzyme buffers were diffused into the agarose blocks as outlined below. Plugs or portions of plugs were washed in Eppendorf tubes with 500 1.11 vlolumesof buffer (unless stated otherwise). Fresh buffer was used for each wash. Two 30 ...
... on the DNA contained in one-third of a complete plug. Restriction einzyme buffers were diffused into the agarose blocks as outlined below. Plugs or portions of plugs were washed in Eppendorf tubes with 500 1.11 vlolumesof buffer (unless stated otherwise). Fresh buffer was used for each wash. Two 30 ...
08_chapter 1
... 1.2.2.2. Inversion and inverted transposition hypothesis There are two independent publIcations suggesting genome wide inversions are responsible for the establishment of parity in chromosomes (Albrecht-Buehler, 2006; Okamura et at., 2007). Albrecht-Buehler (2006) has viewed Chargaffs 2 nd parity as ...
... 1.2.2.2. Inversion and inverted transposition hypothesis There are two independent publIcations suggesting genome wide inversions are responsible for the establishment of parity in chromosomes (Albrecht-Buehler, 2006; Okamura et at., 2007). Albrecht-Buehler (2006) has viewed Chargaffs 2 nd parity as ...
Presentation
... and selecting NT or AA similarity search • NCBI’s BLAST is called to search local databases of NT or AA sequences • Can also search NCBI central database ...
... and selecting NT or AA similarity search • NCBI’s BLAST is called to search local databases of NT or AA sequences • Can also search NCBI central database ...
PDF - Blood Journal
... region of chromosome 16 with a constitutively open chromatin structure in all cell types. The genes have methylation-free CpG islands, and the major regulatory element (␣-MRE) is a single erythroid-specific DNaseI hypersensitive site located in the intron of a ubiquitously expressed gene, some 40 kb ...
... region of chromosome 16 with a constitutively open chromatin structure in all cell types. The genes have methylation-free CpG islands, and the major regulatory element (␣-MRE) is a single erythroid-specific DNaseI hypersensitive site located in the intron of a ubiquitously expressed gene, some 40 kb ...
Genome Evolution and Developmental Constraint in Caenorhabditis
... It has been hypothesized that evolutionary changes will be more frequent in later ontogeny than early ontogeny because of developmental constraint. To test this hypothesis, a genomewide examination of molecular evolution through ontogeny was carried out using comparative genomic data in Caenorhabdit ...
... It has been hypothesized that evolutionary changes will be more frequent in later ontogeny than early ontogeny because of developmental constraint. To test this hypothesis, a genomewide examination of molecular evolution through ontogeny was carried out using comparative genomic data in Caenorhabdit ...
(base) sequence of the genome might reflect biological information
... (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. INTRODUCTION It was well known that there were structural hierarchies in the genome, such as the chromosome, nucleosome, ORF (open reading frame) and so on [1]. Among them, much attention have been paid to the ORF, and many research projects were being pe ...
... (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. INTRODUCTION It was well known that there were structural hierarchies in the genome, such as the chromosome, nucleosome, ORF (open reading frame) and so on [1]. Among them, much attention have been paid to the ORF, and many research projects were being pe ...
genomic flux: genome evolution by gene loss and
... to fitness under all growth conditions; others may make a large contribution to fitness but do so only in a rare subset of environments. For either class of gene, the average selection coefficient is low. The fate of mutations in the most weakly selected genes is governed by a complex interaction of ...
... to fitness under all growth conditions; others may make a large contribution to fitness but do so only in a rare subset of environments. For either class of gene, the average selection coefficient is low. The fate of mutations in the most weakly selected genes is governed by a complex interaction of ...
A genome screen for linkage in Australian sibling-pairs with
... tions.14,15 None of these screens identified statistically unequivocal evidence for linkage but nearly all found more regions of potential linkage than would be expected to have occurred by chance alone. Several regions show some degree of consistency between screens, including the major histocompat ...
... tions.14,15 None of these screens identified statistically unequivocal evidence for linkage but nearly all found more regions of potential linkage than would be expected to have occurred by chance alone. Several regions show some degree of consistency between screens, including the major histocompat ...
Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence for humans (Homo sapiens), encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid human genomes, which are contained in germ cells (the egg and sperm gamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization creates a zygote) consist of three billion DNA base pairs, while diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1%), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees (approximately 4%) and bonobos. Humans share 50% of their DNA with bananas.The Human Genome Project produced the first complete sequences of individual human genomes, with the first draft sequence and initial analysis being published on February 12, 2001. The human genome was the first of all vertebrates to be completely sequenced. As of 2012, thousands of human genomes have been completely sequenced, and many more have been mapped at lower levels of resolution. The resulting data are used worldwide in biomedical science, anthropology, forensics and other branches of science. There is a widely held expectation that genomic studies will lead to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and to new insights in many fields of biology, including human evolution.Although the sequence of the human genome has been (almost) completely determined by DNA sequencing, it is not yet fully understood. Most (though probably not all) genes have been identified by a combination of high throughput experimental and bioinformatics approaches, yet much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the biological functions of their protein and RNA products. Recent results suggest that most of the vast quantities of noncoding DNA within the genome have associated biochemical activities, including regulation of gene expression, organization of chromosome architecture, and signals controlling epigenetic inheritance.There are an estimated 20,000-25,000 human protein-coding genes. The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved, and could continue to drop further. Protein-coding sequences account for only a very small fraction of the genome (approximately 1.5%), and the rest is associated with non-coding RNA molecules, regulatory DNA sequences, LINEs, SINEs, introns, and sequences for which as yet no function has been elucidated.