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Electrical System Bonding and Grounding
Electrical System Bonding and Grounding

... has to be sized large enough to safely carry the maximum fault current that is likely to be imposed on it. The grounded/neutral service conductor cannot be sized smaller than the required grounding electrode conductor. However, it is not required to be larger than the largest ungrounded (hot) servic ...
8. Source transformation & Resistor combinations
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... • An ideal current source has the voltage necessary to provide its rated current. • An ideal voltage source supplies the current necessary to provide its rated voltage. • A real voltage source cannot supply arbitrarily large amounts of current. • A real current source cannot have an arbitrarily larg ...
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... than traditional aircraft. This electrical energy is used to power a wider variety of systems than ever before, from safety-critical systems to in-flight entertainment consoles. The A380 for instance uses electrical actuation on all control surfaces as a supplement to the hydraulic system [51]. On t ...
EMI Issues in Semiconductor Manufacturing Environment
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Team Name - University of Colorado Boulder
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... All of the components in a series circuit are connected in a loop. If the loop or circuit is broken or any of the components fail, the circuit is incomplete and will not work. The same amount of current flows though each component equally. Both lamps will light to the same brightness. The energy giv ...
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... What is meant by transient and steady state conditions? Draw the equivalent circuit of a three winding transformer. What are the components of a power system? If the reactance is 15 ohm, find the p.u. value for a base of 15 kVA and 10 kV. What is meant by single line diagram? How are the loads repre ...
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Ground (electricity)



In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive devices. In some telegraph and power transmission circuits, the earth itself can be used as one conductor of the circuit, saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor (see single-wire earth return).For measurement purposes, the Earth serves as a (reasonably) constant potential reference against which other potentials can be measured. An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a ""ground"" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance, the approximation of zero potential is no longer valid. Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur, which may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock hazard.The use of the term ground (or earth) is so common in electrical and electronics applications that circuits in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and media players as well as circuits in vehicles may be spoken of as having a ""ground"" connection without any actual connection to the Earth, despite ""common"" being a more appropriate term for such a connection. This is usually a large conductor attached to one side of the power supply (such as the ""ground plane"" on a printed circuit board) which serves as the common return path for current from many different components in the circuit.
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