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Oftentimes, avoiding unnecessary commas is simply a
Oftentimes, avoiding unnecessary commas is simply a

... A quotation, observation, or description, when it is introduced in close dependence on a verb, (as, say, reply, cry, or the like,) is generally separated from the rest of the sentence by the comma. Nouns or pronouns put absolute, should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma. When more than t ...
The Word Order of Estonian: Implications to Universal Language
The Word Order of Estonian: Implications to Universal Language

... ordering of heads in respect of complements, the other is discourseconfigurational and it can be characterised in terms of topic, focus, verb, rest and so on. The grammatical linearization of constituents is easily detected in languages with a rigid word order. Languages with free word order have se ...
Suppose, for instance, that the writer wants to achieve
Suppose, for instance, that the writer wants to achieve

... b. an adverb modifying “than I can see” d. a linking verb complement What is the subject of the first independent clause? What is the subject of the second independent clause? What is the subject of the first subordinate clause? What is the subject of the second subordinate clause? What is the subje ...
TRANSLATION SHIFT OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ON ICE AGE
TRANSLATION SHIFT OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ON ICE AGE

... A phrase is part of sentence or clause that holds together as a meaningful unit on its own and contributes in a unified way to the meaning of the whole sentence or clause. There are six kinds of phrases in English, namely noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, verb phras ...
Producing Biographical Summaries: Combining
Producing Biographical Summaries: Combining

... sentences which have a person name as a (deep) subject. We filter them based on whether their main verb is strongly associated with either of the head nouns of the appositive descriptions found for that person name (Filter 4). The intuition here is that particular occupational roles will be strongly ...
Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database (Revised
Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database (Revised

... plank for board will seldom alter truth values in carpentry contexts, although there are other contexts of board where that substitution would be totally inappropriate. ...
Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database
Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database

... plank for board will seldom alter truth values in carpentry contexts, although there are other contexts of board where that substitution would be totally inappropriate. ...
a contrastive study of igbo and english affixation
a contrastive study of igbo and english affixation

... criticism and guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Chinyere Ngonebu in all the stages of this study. Dr., may God grant all your heart desires. I am thankful to all my lecturers, whose teaching, encouragements and elation have made me to complete this work. I cannot mention them by name but, to all of you ...
Zipf`s law and the grammar of languages: A quantitative
Zipf`s law and the grammar of languages: A quantitative

... differences in the frequency distributions of lexical items in parallel texts can help to capture the ‘synthetic state’ of a language, i.e. whether inflectional morphology and clitics (as in John’s book) or periphrastic constructions (as in the book of John) are predominant. We analyze parsed and PO ...
Russian peripheral reciprocal markers and - CSSP
Russian peripheral reciprocal markers and - CSSP

... i Petj-u drug s drug-om (I.NOM introduce-PST-SG.M Vasja-ACC and Petja-ACC other with other-INS) ‘I introduced Vasja and Petja to each other’, where the pronoun is bound by the direct object and the prepositional phrase with s ‘with’. ...
COPULAR INVERSION AND NON-SUBJECT AGREEMENT Alex
COPULAR INVERSION AND NON-SUBJECT AGREEMENT Alex

... that implement a Person-Number Hierarchy so that the copula agrees with the most marked cosubject. This theory does not affect the analysis of subjectverb agreement in non-copular sentences, as in such cases there is only one cosubject available, the subject itself. In order to integrate these ideas ...
e-Version
e-Version

... There are three periods in time: present (now), past (yesterday), and future (tomorrow). Now is used with the present tense, yesterday with the past tense (the simple past), and tomorrow with the future tense (the simple future). These are basic tenses for any beginning language learner. These tense ...
Building a lexicon for a categorial grammar of the
Building a lexicon for a categorial grammar of the

... the Polish language, based on Polish bank of constituency trees called Składnica [Sklad]. Because Polish is a free-word-order language, the grammar must be adapted before it can model at least simple sentence structure adequately. As a solution to a similar problem in the Turkish language, a grammar ...
Participle Phrases
Participle Phrases

... what we mean, so we do not stop to think about what we have actually said. Historically, the dangling participle has always been around, and in spoken English dangling participles are not unforgivable, but they are best eliminated from written English. ...
Morpho-syntactic resources for the organization of same
Morpho-syntactic resources for the organization of same

... word by first recycling to a word prior to the word to be replaced and then replacing the word in question. We refer to this subtype of repair as Prerecycle & Replace. Consider example (6) above and (9) below. In (9) the speaker replaced what looks like the beginning of an infinitive form of a verb ...
When is New Year?
When is New Year?

... verb must be either a noun or an adjective, never an adverb; likewise, you cannot say, “I felt badly about hurting his feelings.” Feel is a linking verb and must take an adjective (bad) as its complement. The correct sentence is “I felt bad about hurting his feelings.” Otherwise you are saying your ...
Nominal Clause - colliertech.org
Nominal Clause - colliertech.org

... who claim.perf.3Msg that-pn3Msg happen.perf.3Msg in Baghdad-gen *[ man ʾiddaʿa ʾanna fi baġdād-a ḥasala _₁ ]. who claim.perf.3Msg that in Baghdad-gen happen.perf.3Msg 'The meeting, Zeina said that she wonders who claimed that it took place in Baghdad.' ...
Target 1 ※ Different from English
Target 1 ※ Different from English

... through time. If someone said, "你哭著呢!" the emphasis would be on the weeping as a continuing state of distress. In English we might translate, "You're weeping!" but a more precise translation might be, "You've been crying!" The second sentence hints that the speaker can tell from the other person's ...
Version 1 - Rutgers Optimality Archive
Version 1 - Rutgers Optimality Archive

... developed in Vogel (2004a,b) which focuses on the correspondence between semantic, syntactic and phonological representations, in the spirit of work by Jackendoff (1997), Williams (2003) and Culicover & Jackendoff (2005). I will argue that the wh-island restriction results from the impossibility to ...
Formal Syntax and Language Change
Formal Syntax and Language Change

... present/current situation future/generic ME: am, art, is vs beo ... present Sg Pl (later are) Wischer (2010: 222): b-form in OE more frequent in Pl than Sg; Petré 2013: 303: b- used in ME for pl indic So GMc mood > OE future > ME plural Currently: again mood-based, be, been, being ...
Paraphrasing Using Given and New Information in a Question
Paraphrasing Using Given and New Information in a Question

... interpretation of possible ambiguous phrases in the question without introducing additional ambiguity. One particular type of ambiquity that a paraphraser must address ...
CHAPTER 4 The Non-finite verbal participles of Bangla
CHAPTER 4 The Non-finite verbal participles of Bangla

... attachments of the above suffixes result in the following forms: 1. /kOr/ +/te/ =/korte/ 'do-imp.' 2. /kOr/ +/le/ =/korle/ 'do-cond.' 3. /kOr/+/e/=/kore/'do-perf. 1 It is necessary to mention at this point that I am going to use examples with /te/ from a severely restricted domain, viz., when it is ...
Identity of Roots - LingBuzz
Identity of Roots - LingBuzz

... nor do idiosyncratic Encyclopedic facts about roots show any such interactions.   ...
Sentence II Sentence Structure
Sentence II Sentence Structure

... clauses. A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject, verb and possible complement  with modifiers of these principal parts. A dependent clause cannot stand alone, because it is  subordinate to or dependent on the idea presented in the main clause or independent clause.  There are three ty ...
The semantic constraints on the VERB + zhĕ nouns in
The semantic constraints on the VERB + zhĕ nouns in

... stem has two syllables, the object can be fronted. Although both sequences are grammatical, the OBJECT-V-zhe form is the preferred one. If a transitive verb has only one syllable, there can only be one order, V-OBJECT-zhe. The syllable constraint decides the template of the VERB+zhe nouns. For those ...
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Esperanto grammar

For Esperanto morphology, see also Esperanto vocabularyEsperanto is a constructed auxiliary language. A highly regular grammar makes Esperanto much easier to learn than most other languages of the world, though particular features may be more or less advantageous or difficult depending on the language background of the learner. Parts of speech are immediately obvious, for example: Τhe suffix -o indicates a noun, -a an adjective, -as a present-tense verb, and so on for other grammatical functions. An extensive system of affixes may be freely combined with roots to generate vocabulary; and the rules of word formation are straightforward, allowing speakers to communicate with a much smaller root vocabulary than in most other languages. It is possible to communicate effectively with a vocabulary built upon 400 to 500 roots, though there are numerous specialized vocabularies for sciences, professions, and other activities. Reference grammars of the language include the Plena Analiza Gramatiko (English: Complete Analytical Grammar) by Kálmán Kalocsay and Gaston Waringhien, and the Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (English: Complete Handbook of Esperanto Grammar) by Bertilo Wennergren.
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