PIPing on lysosome tubes
... and they can generate potent intracellular calcium (and other ionic) signals (Saftig and Klumperman, 2009; Morgan et al, 2011; Shen et al, 2011). The cytoplasmic surface of the lysosome mediates the delivery of cargo-containing vesicles and organelles via SNAREs and tethers, but is also a platform f ...
... and they can generate potent intracellular calcium (and other ionic) signals (Saftig and Klumperman, 2009; Morgan et al, 2011; Shen et al, 2011). The cytoplasmic surface of the lysosome mediates the delivery of cargo-containing vesicles and organelles via SNAREs and tethers, but is also a platform f ...
The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
... use a type III secretion system (T3SS) for the export and translocation of effectors into host cells. Infection and multiplication of bacteria in the leaf interior can lead to disease-associated cell death, which typically appears several days after infection (Abramovitch et al., 2006). However, if ...
... use a type III secretion system (T3SS) for the export and translocation of effectors into host cells. Infection and multiplication of bacteria in the leaf interior can lead to disease-associated cell death, which typically appears several days after infection (Abramovitch et al., 2006). However, if ...
The Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway: A Historical
... interesting feature of the protein sequence for the precursor form of Ape1 (prApe1), however, was that it lacked a standard signal sequence. Accordingly, I assumed that it entered the ER by a unique mechanism. This seemed to add some additional interest to the analysis, as the idea of analyzing yet ...
... interesting feature of the protein sequence for the precursor form of Ape1 (prApe1), however, was that it lacked a standard signal sequence. Accordingly, I assumed that it entered the ER by a unique mechanism. This seemed to add some additional interest to the analysis, as the idea of analyzing yet ...
PDF
... peroxisome for oxidation. Interestingly, a reverse transition from leaf peroxisomes to peroxisomes containing ICL may occur during starvation and organ senescence (reviewed by Nishimura et al., 1996; Pracharoenwattana and Smith, 2008). When seedling peroxisomes are transformed to leaf peroxisomes, o ...
... peroxisome for oxidation. Interestingly, a reverse transition from leaf peroxisomes to peroxisomes containing ICL may occur during starvation and organ senescence (reviewed by Nishimura et al., 1996; Pracharoenwattana and Smith, 2008). When seedling peroxisomes are transformed to leaf peroxisomes, o ...
Document
... Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. ...
... Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... reticulum (ER), the Golgi, the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the plasma membrane (38, 42, 78, 101). Autophagy was long thought to be nonselective, with the best-studied example being autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation. More recently, several cargo-specific autophagy pathways have been cha ...
... reticulum (ER), the Golgi, the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the plasma membrane (38, 42, 78, 101). Autophagy was long thought to be nonselective, with the best-studied example being autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation. More recently, several cargo-specific autophagy pathways have been cha ...
Plant PCD In vegetative development Suspensor degradation
... Heterozygous alleles restore male fertility to cytoplasmic male-sterile radish (Raphanus sativus L.): a case of overdominance(2013) J. Exp. Bot. 64: 2041-2048. ...
... Heterozygous alleles restore male fertility to cytoplasmic male-sterile radish (Raphanus sativus L.): a case of overdominance(2013) J. Exp. Bot. 64: 2041-2048. ...
Lysosomal Myopathies
... by the presence of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation process, which is used by all cells to eliminate waste materials. Autophagy is considered to be essential for myocytes and the lysosomal system becomes prominent in certain muscle diseases. In muscle pathology, ly ...
... by the presence of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation process, which is used by all cells to eliminate waste materials. Autophagy is considered to be essential for myocytes and the lysosomal system becomes prominent in certain muscle diseases. In muscle pathology, ly ...
The LIR motif – crucial for selective autophagy
... patch of LC3C are indicated in bright yellow. The amino acids (yellow) of the different LIR peptides that bind in the pockets are shown as well as the amino acids (red) that interact with basic residues of the ATG8 proteins (blue). (B) Ribbon diagram of LC3B with the N-terminal arm (blue) and the Ub ...
... patch of LC3C are indicated in bright yellow. The amino acids (yellow) of the different LIR peptides that bind in the pockets are shown as well as the amino acids (red) that interact with basic residues of the ATG8 proteins (blue). (B) Ribbon diagram of LC3B with the N-terminal arm (blue) and the Ub ...
Oxidative Stress Contributes to Autophagy
... and autophagy activation has been shown in C. reinhardtii cells with a decreased carotenoid content caused by either the mutation of phytoene synthase or the inhibition of phytoene desaturase by the herbicide norflurazon (Pérez-Pérez et al., 2012a). Moreover, ROS generated in the chloroplast of carot ...
... and autophagy activation has been shown in C. reinhardtii cells with a decreased carotenoid content caused by either the mutation of phytoene synthase or the inhibition of phytoene desaturase by the herbicide norflurazon (Pérez-Pérez et al., 2012a). Moreover, ROS generated in the chloroplast of carot ...
1 - The Mostowy Lab
... from autophagy [25]. This protein is poorly expressed in vitro, but when expressed it can protect bacteria from autophagy in the absence of ActA. Instead of recruiting the actin polymerization machinery, Listeria expressing InlK recruits the major vault protein (MVP) to evade ubiquitination and auto ...
... from autophagy [25]. This protein is poorly expressed in vitro, but when expressed it can protect bacteria from autophagy in the absence of ActA. Instead of recruiting the actin polymerization machinery, Listeria expressing InlK recruits the major vault protein (MVP) to evade ubiquitination and auto ...
Autophagy in the Eukaryotic Cell - CiteSeerX
... autophagy that is conserved among yeast, plant, and animal cells. Microautophagy involves the uptake of cytoplasm at the lysosome or vacuole surface but has not been well characterized. In contrast, degradation by macroautophagy involves membrane engulfment at an initial site that is separate from t ...
... autophagy that is conserved among yeast, plant, and animal cells. Microautophagy involves the uptake of cytoplasm at the lysosome or vacuole surface but has not been well characterized. In contrast, degradation by macroautophagy involves membrane engulfment at an initial site that is separate from t ...
lysosomes, transport vesicles, plasma membrane
... Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. ...
... Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... In serving these functions, autophagy cooperates with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Robust activation of autophagy has been observed upon the pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome or the genetic ablation of proteasome components116,117. In these sit ...
... In serving these functions, autophagy cooperates with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Robust activation of autophagy has been observed upon the pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome or the genetic ablation of proteasome components116,117. In these sit ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... by the concerted action of a suite of proteins designated as ATG or ‘autophagy-related’ proteins [3]. The mature autophagosome then becomes acidified after fusion with the lysosome, forming the autolysosome [3]. Lysosome fusion with the autophagosome provides luminal acid hydrolases that degrade the ...
... by the concerted action of a suite of proteins designated as ATG or ‘autophagy-related’ proteins [3]. The mature autophagosome then becomes acidified after fusion with the lysosome, forming the autolysosome [3]. Lysosome fusion with the autophagosome provides luminal acid hydrolases that degrade the ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... death) is characterized by increased number of autophagosomes that are used for self-degradation. This process is independent of phagocytes. In type 3 (or necrotic cell death), several intracellular organelles dilate and the plasma membrane breaks down, causing spillage of cytoplasmic content and in ...
... death) is characterized by increased number of autophagosomes that are used for self-degradation. This process is independent of phagocytes. In type 3 (or necrotic cell death), several intracellular organelles dilate and the plasma membrane breaks down, causing spillage of cytoplasmic content and in ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... death) is characterized by increased number of autophagosomes that are used for self-degradation. This process is independent of phagocytes. In type 3 (or necrotic cell death), several intracellular organelles dilate and the plasma membrane breaks down, causing spillage of cytoplasmic content and in ...
... death) is characterized by increased number of autophagosomes that are used for self-degradation. This process is independent of phagocytes. In type 3 (or necrotic cell death), several intracellular organelles dilate and the plasma membrane breaks down, causing spillage of cytoplasmic content and in ...
Lysosomes: Death by Enzyme Malfunction
... 4. Protein Turnover - In this situation, molecules are digested by lysosomal enzymes. The exact ways in which the different types of molecular turnover occur are under active investigation. But this process removes old, abnormal or unnecessary molecules allowing cells to alter their physiology or be ...
... 4. Protein Turnover - In this situation, molecules are digested by lysosomal enzymes. The exact ways in which the different types of molecular turnover occur are under active investigation. But this process removes old, abnormal or unnecessary molecules allowing cells to alter their physiology or be ...
Full text
... an increase of undegraded endosomal and autophagosomal compartments, and ultimately to slow, adult-onset degeneration.1 Furthermore, loss of v0a1 also causes severe neurotransmission defects and thereby embryonic lethality. The recent Drosophila studies were made possible by a genetic method that on ...
... an increase of undegraded endosomal and autophagosomal compartments, and ultimately to slow, adult-onset degeneration.1 Furthermore, loss of v0a1 also causes severe neurotransmission defects and thereby embryonic lethality. The recent Drosophila studies were made possible by a genetic method that on ...
A Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathway in P. pastoris
... targeting pathway, exists in S. cerevisiae for two vacuolar enzymes, Ape1 and Ams1.1,2 These proteins are translated on free ribosomes in the cytosol. Ape1 is synthesized as a precursor (prApe1) and rapidly forms dodecamers that aggregate into a large complex (Ape1 complex).3 The prApe1 is recognize ...
... targeting pathway, exists in S. cerevisiae for two vacuolar enzymes, Ape1 and Ams1.1,2 These proteins are translated on free ribosomes in the cytosol. Ape1 is synthesized as a precursor (prApe1) and rapidly forms dodecamers that aggregate into a large complex (Ape1 complex).3 The prApe1 is recognize ...
Atg18 function in autophagy is regulated by specific sites within its b
... called autophagosomes, which sequester and deliver cytoplasmic structures into the mammalian lysosomes or the yeast and plant vacuoles (Klionsky, 2007). The resulting degradation products are transported back in the cytoplasm and used for either the synthesis of new macromolecules or as an energy so ...
... called autophagosomes, which sequester and deliver cytoplasmic structures into the mammalian lysosomes or the yeast and plant vacuoles (Klionsky, 2007). The resulting degradation products are transported back in the cytoplasm and used for either the synthesis of new macromolecules or as an energy so ...
Dissecting the function of Atg1 complex in Dictyostelium autophagy
... organisms analysed to date. This process has been associated with numerous pathologies and dysfunctions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, heart and liver diseases, metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress [1]. There are three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy and ...
... organisms analysed to date. This process has been associated with numerous pathologies and dysfunctions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, heart and liver diseases, metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress [1]. There are three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy and ...
Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Greek auto-, ""self"" and phagein, ""to eat""), is the natural, destructive mechanism that disassembles, through a regulated process, unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components.Autophagy allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. During this process, targeted cytoplasmic constituents are isolated from the rest of the cell within a double-membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome. The autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome and the contents are degraded and recycled. There are three different forms of autophagy that are commonly described, namely macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. In the context of disease, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress which promotes survival, whereas in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.The name ""autophagy"" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963.