Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP
... hepatocytes is due to a defect in their maturation to late autophagic vacuoles that actively degrade their content. As a result, stimulation or inhibition of autophagic sequestration of cytoplasmic material has little or no effect upon the degradation rate of long-lived cytoplasmic proteins (Fig. 4g ...
... hepatocytes is due to a defect in their maturation to late autophagic vacuoles that actively degrade their content. As a result, stimulation or inhibition of autophagic sequestration of cytoplasmic material has little or no effect upon the degradation rate of long-lived cytoplasmic proteins (Fig. 4g ...
Effects of the regulatory proteins MITF and TFEB on
... autophagosome formation, lysosome biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion (Settembre et al. 2012). To suppress autophagy, TFEB has to be kept out of the nucleus, in the cytosol. While mTORC1 is active, it is responsible for keeping TFEB inactive and in the cytosol. This is achieved via the amin ...
... autophagosome formation, lysosome biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion (Settembre et al. 2012). To suppress autophagy, TFEB has to be kept out of the nucleus, in the cytosol. While mTORC1 is active, it is responsible for keeping TFEB inactive and in the cytosol. This is achieved via the amin ...
Establishment of monitoring methods for autophagy in rice reveals
... membrane called the phagophore or isolation membrane, which then elongates to engulf a portion of the cytoplasm including organelles, and eventually forms the autophagosome. The outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane, and the inner membrane structure called th ...
... membrane called the phagophore or isolation membrane, which then elongates to engulf a portion of the cytoplasm including organelles, and eventually forms the autophagosome. The outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane, and the inner membrane structure called th ...
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction
... permits degradation and recycling to provide new building blocks and maintain cell functions. In nutrient-rich conditions, however, lysosomes move along microtubules to a more peripheral localization (17). Lysosomal positioning regulates mTOR signaling; recovery after starvation restores lysosomal l ...
... permits degradation and recycling to provide new building blocks and maintain cell functions. In nutrient-rich conditions, however, lysosomes move along microtubules to a more peripheral localization (17). Lysosomal positioning regulates mTOR signaling; recovery after starvation restores lysosomal l ...
Autophagy in skeletal muscle: implications for Pompe disease
... damaged organelles. In macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), doublemembrane vesicles known as autophagosomes sequester cytoplasm and damaged organelles. The autophagosomes fuse with endosomes, giving rise to amphisomes, followed by fusion with lysosomes where degradation of autophagos ...
... damaged organelles. In macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), doublemembrane vesicles known as autophagosomes sequester cytoplasm and damaged organelles. The autophagosomes fuse with endosomes, giving rise to amphisomes, followed by fusion with lysosomes where degradation of autophagos ...
Dissection of autophagy in tobacco BY-2 cells
... cells.18,20 Besides membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic drops, membranous structures that seemed to have lost cytoplasm were also seen in the vacuoles (Fig. 5B, arrowhead). Furthermore, in BY-2 cells treated with concanamycin, autophagosomes (Fig. 5D, arrow) and possibly their precursor structures (Fig. 5 ...
... cells.18,20 Besides membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic drops, membranous structures that seemed to have lost cytoplasm were also seen in the vacuoles (Fig. 5B, arrowhead). Furthermore, in BY-2 cells treated with concanamycin, autophagosomes (Fig. 5D, arrow) and possibly their precursor structures (Fig. 5 ...
The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and
... proteins, such as MyoD. MyoD degradation via the UPP was further confirmed by a series of studies [1, 48, 104, 105] and was accompanied by the revelation that many of the other proteins critical to the progression of the myogenic program were degraded in a similar manner (Fig. 1). This extends to th ...
... proteins, such as MyoD. MyoD degradation via the UPP was further confirmed by a series of studies [1, 48, 104, 105] and was accompanied by the revelation that many of the other proteins critical to the progression of the myogenic program were degraded in a similar manner (Fig. 1). This extends to th ...
Novel Insights into Vacuole-mediated Control of Plant Growth and
... 90%) and control turgor pressure required for cell expansion (Zhang et al., 2014; Marty, 1999). In addition, they are involved in the storage of a large variety of substances (e.g. minerals, nutrients, proteins, and secondary metabolites), which allow plant cells to maintain pH homeostasis, balance ...
... 90%) and control turgor pressure required for cell expansion (Zhang et al., 2014; Marty, 1999). In addition, they are involved in the storage of a large variety of substances (e.g. minerals, nutrients, proteins, and secondary metabolites), which allow plant cells to maintain pH homeostasis, balance ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... Abbreviations used: AICAR, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside; AMPK, AMP-activated kinase; CPY, carboxypeptidase Y; CSF-1, colonystimulating factor 1; Cvt, cytosol-to-vacuole; ECD, evolutionarily conserved domain; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; EEA1, early endosomal ...
... Abbreviations used: AICAR, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside; AMPK, AMP-activated kinase; CPY, carboxypeptidase Y; CSF-1, colonystimulating factor 1; Cvt, cytosol-to-vacuole; ECD, evolutionarily conserved domain; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; EEA1, early endosomal ...
Lysosomes and lysosomal disorders
... M6PR – mannosa-6-phosphate receptor LY – lysosome NC - nucleus ...
... M6PR – mannosa-6-phosphate receptor LY – lysosome NC - nucleus ...
Japanese encephalitis virus replication is negatively regulated by
... to JEV infection we monitored the processing of LC3-I to its lipidated membrane-bound form LC3-II. The mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2a was transfected with GFP-LC3 and set up for serum-starvation or JEV-infection (Fig. 1). In mockinfected Neuro2a cells, GFP-LC3 shows a diffuse distribution (Fi ...
... to JEV infection we monitored the processing of LC3-I to its lipidated membrane-bound form LC3-II. The mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2a was transfected with GFP-LC3 and set up for serum-starvation or JEV-infection (Fig. 1). In mockinfected Neuro2a cells, GFP-LC3 shows a diffuse distribution (Fi ...
Full-Text PDF
... We recently reported that NDP52 and OPTN can both regulate the maturation of autophagosomes, which can contribute to the control of intracellular bacterial growth [15,16]. Since T6BP was recently shown to contribute to the efficient autophagy-mediated clearance of bacteria [17], we started by invest ...
... We recently reported that NDP52 and OPTN can both regulate the maturation of autophagosomes, which can contribute to the control of intracellular bacterial growth [15,16]. Since T6BP was recently shown to contribute to the efficient autophagy-mediated clearance of bacteria [17], we started by invest ...
Autophagy in Tobacco BY-2 Cells Cultured under
... Tobacco culture cells carry out a large-scale degradation of intracellular proteins in order to survive under sucrose starvation conditions. We have previously suggested that this bulk degradation of cellular proteins is performed by autophagy, where autolysosomes formed de novo act as the major lyt ...
... Tobacco culture cells carry out a large-scale degradation of intracellular proteins in order to survive under sucrose starvation conditions. We have previously suggested that this bulk degradation of cellular proteins is performed by autophagy, where autolysosomes formed de novo act as the major lyt ...
Danon disease - Journal of Cell Science
... mitochondria can produce excessive amounts of ROS and might be more prone to activate apoptosis (Shires and Gustafsson, 2015). Histological examinations of skeletal muscle biopsies from Danon individuals, which have been more frequently reported owing to the relative ease of obtaining these tissues, ...
... mitochondria can produce excessive amounts of ROS and might be more prone to activate apoptosis (Shires and Gustafsson, 2015). Histological examinations of skeletal muscle biopsies from Danon individuals, which have been more frequently reported owing to the relative ease of obtaining these tissues, ...
Full-Text PDF
... heterodimer through the secretion system [31,32]. It has recently been shown that ESAT-6 inserts into membranes and forms a membrane-spanning pore that damages the phagosomal membrane [33]. The damage generated in the phagosomal membrane is a signal for autophagy induction. Adaptor proteins, such as ...
... heterodimer through the secretion system [31,32]. It has recently been shown that ESAT-6 inserts into membranes and forms a membrane-spanning pore that damages the phagosomal membrane [33]. The damage generated in the phagosomal membrane is a signal for autophagy induction. Adaptor proteins, such as ...
Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and
... fusion of these different organelles, after which the lysosomal hydrolases degrade the autophagic contents (Fig. 1). There are two additional forms of autophagy that will not be considered in detail in this review. Microautophagy involves the direct sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm by lyso ...
... fusion of these different organelles, after which the lysosomal hydrolases degrade the autophagic contents (Fig. 1). There are two additional forms of autophagy that will not be considered in detail in this review. Microautophagy involves the direct sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm by lyso ...
How do neurons degenerate in prion diseases or transmissible
... Autophagic vacuoles and apoptosis 145 PrP106-126 may exert its pro-apoptotic characteristics via disruption of mitochondrial membrane with a subsequent release of cytochrome-c and caspase activation (O’Donovan et al. 2001). ext, intracellular Ca2+ concentration raises and another family of protease ...
... Autophagic vacuoles and apoptosis 145 PrP106-126 may exert its pro-apoptotic characteristics via disruption of mitochondrial membrane with a subsequent release of cytochrome-c and caspase activation (O’Donovan et al. 2001). ext, intracellular Ca2+ concentration raises and another family of protease ...
Fig 1.
... and is characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the cerebral accumulation of both extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in hippocampal regions of the brain [1]. Amyloid plaques are highly enriched in aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide species, deri ...
... and is characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the cerebral accumulation of both extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in hippocampal regions of the brain [1]. Amyloid plaques are highly enriched in aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide species, deri ...
Extensive Involvement of Autophagy In Alzheimer`s Disease: An
... Autophagy is a tightly regulated process [30, 31], which is induced by nutritional or trophic deprivation under conditions of cell stress to provide substrates for energy or new synthesis by turning over non-essential cytoplasmic constituents, including organelles [32, 33]. Autophagy is initiated wh ...
... Autophagy is a tightly regulated process [30, 31], which is induced by nutritional or trophic deprivation under conditions of cell stress to provide substrates for energy or new synthesis by turning over non-essential cytoplasmic constituents, including organelles [32, 33]. Autophagy is initiated wh ...
Hungry for Power: Elimination of Mitochondria by Mitophagy
... (a SUN family protein involved in ageing and cell wall biogenesis (5)), Aup1p (involved in the retrograde signalling pathway between the mitochondrion and nucleus (6)) and Mdm38p (a mitochondrial inner membrane protein associated with K+/H+ exchange (7)). The diversity of proteins involved in mitoph ...
... (a SUN family protein involved in ageing and cell wall biogenesis (5)), Aup1p (involved in the retrograde signalling pathway between the mitochondrion and nucleus (6)) and Mdm38p (a mitochondrial inner membrane protein associated with K+/H+ exchange (7)). The diversity of proteins involved in mitoph ...
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... Autophagy is a ubiquitous catabolic process that involves the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components through a lysosomal pathway. This process is characterized by the engulfment of part of the cytoplasm inside double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes subsequently fuse with ...
... Autophagy is a ubiquitous catabolic process that involves the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components through a lysosomal pathway. This process is characterized by the engulfment of part of the cytoplasm inside double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes subsequently fuse with ...
Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis Open Access
... mammalian isoforms of LC3: LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. LC3B-II is the only protein known to specifically localize to the autophagosome [28]. Another tactic is to visualize and enumerate autophagosomes by electron microscopy (Figure 2). The extraordinary magnification of intracellular constituents enabled ...
... mammalian isoforms of LC3: LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. LC3B-II is the only protein known to specifically localize to the autophagosome [28]. Another tactic is to visualize and enumerate autophagosomes by electron microscopy (Figure 2). The extraordinary magnification of intracellular constituents enabled ...
Inhibition of Target of Rapamycin Signaling and
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Greek auto-, ""self"" and phagein, ""to eat""), is the natural, destructive mechanism that disassembles, through a regulated process, unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components.Autophagy allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. During this process, targeted cytoplasmic constituents are isolated from the rest of the cell within a double-membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome. The autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome and the contents are degraded and recycled. There are three different forms of autophagy that are commonly described, namely macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. In the context of disease, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress which promotes survival, whereas in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.The name ""autophagy"" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963.