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LECT 3B
LECT 3B

...  In a non-finite verb phrase, all verbs are non-finite.  There are three types of non-finite verb phrases, the to infinitive, the ing participle, and the -ed participle.  Non-finite verb phrases normally do not occur as the verb phrase of an independent sentence. That is, they are always embedded ...
Quick links
Quick links

... Number: singular, plural, dual. In some languages a distinction made between a ‘little plural’ and ‘a big plural’, e.g. Semitic. Person: classification of pronouns: 1st – person speaking; 1, we 2nd – person spoken to; you. 3rd – person or thing spoken about; he, she, it In some languages these three ...
Abstract: The Adjectival “fluidity” and its linguistic implications
Abstract: The Adjectival “fluidity” and its linguistic implications

... Since the pioneering study of Dixon (1977, 1982), the adjective is the most controversial and problematic category for the definition of parts of speech systems. Some languages, like English, have open classes of adjectives, whereas others (Yoruba, Hausa, Mandarin, etc.) only have a few, and the cat ...
Pronouns
Pronouns

... interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and relative. In order for a sentence to work, the pronoun must clearly refer to the antecedent – the noun that it replaces. The pronoun and antecedent must agree in number with the noun or phrase it references. Therefore, if a noun or pronoun is singular or ...
Your turn. Exercise 1
Your turn. Exercise 1

... Singular + Plural Nouns • Singular – refer to one • Plural – refer to more than one – Most countable nouns add –s – Nouns ending whit ch, sh, s,ss or x add –es – Some words can take both –s or –es – Eg: mangos / mangoes volcanos / volcanoes – For a –ve or unknown quantity , we normally use the plur ...
NP - Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne
NP - Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne

... • If it contains one verb, it is a lexical verb, e.g. went, arrives • It there are more verbs, there is a lexical verb pre-modified by one or more auxiliary verbs • Auxiliary verbs have a specific function: to express categories such as aspect, voice, and modality and to signal negation and clause t ...
singular - Washington Latin Grade 8
singular - Washington Latin Grade 8

... In this example ‘ego’ is the nominative and so is the doer of the verb ‘sum.’ However, the verb ‘to be’ (sum) doesn’t act like normal verbs, and the thing that ‘ego’ is in this sentence (food) goes into the nominative ‘cibus’. ...
Identifying the Parts of Speech
Identifying the Parts of Speech

... basic tasks: they name, modify, express action or state of being, or connect. By the arrangement of words in a sentence and the task that each word performs within a sentence, you can understand a sentence’s meaning. To illustrate how parts of speech work together, try to decipher the following nons ...
words - Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Straniere
words - Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Straniere

...  contextual meaning: “information signalled about the kind of use a linguistic unit has in its social context, e.g. whether it has a ‘restricted’ use (as in social pleasantries, or religious settings), or how it relates to such factors as age, sex or class of the speakers” (Crystal, 2011, p. 109); ...
A Writer`s Five Basic Grammar Brush Strokes for Vivid Sentences
A Writer`s Five Basic Grammar Brush Strokes for Vivid Sentences

... There was a rat under my bed. –being verb with there A rat hid under my bed. – action verb Action Verb/Active Voice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences so that passive voice is transformed into active voice or being verbs are replaced with action verbs. ...
What is a participle?
What is a participle?

... 1. Daniel started doing his homework at 12:30 PM. 2. He apologized for being late. 3. He insisted on speaking to the manager because there was a fly in his soup. 4. She made plans for going to Fiji. 5. Swimming was her favorite activity. ...
World Englishes_Strand4
World Englishes_Strand4

... was not the language spoken by most of the population. It is used for a range of functions among those who speak or write it in the region where it is used. It has become ‘localised’ or ‘nativised’ by adopting some language features of its own (e.g., sounds, intonation patterns, ...
Grammar Guide
Grammar Guide

... Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns refer to unnamed persons, places, or things. They refer generally, not specifically, to persons, places, or things. Examples: Someone is at the door. I’ve brought everything that I need. Few of us remember that movie. Please take some of the snacks. Several ...
Grammar and Documentation
Grammar and Documentation

... feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, and taste. Radiotherapy is the treatment of disease with radiation. ...
Subject – Verb Agreement Rules
Subject – Verb Agreement Rules

... • The girls or the boy (like, likes) science best. • Since subjects are joined by “or” use the one closest to the verb: boy likes science best. • Each of the cars (race, races) down the street. • Since the subject is a singular distributive pronoun, you can use: It races. • Every boy and girl (make, ...
(1) The Parts of Speech
(1) The Parts of Speech

... space, but in the second case, “in that room” is modifying the verb “is talking,” telling where he is talking. Here’s a list of prepositions copied from The Bedford Handbook: about above across after against along among around as at before behind below ...
Extracting Information from Participial Structures
Extracting Information from Participial Structures

... • comparative: “mérsékeltebb kereslet” more moderate demand ...
Linguistic Typology: Word Order
Linguistic Typology: Word Order

... In the house I take house rather than the as the head. In other words, I follow the old NP analysis, not the more recent DP analysis. Perhaps the latter is more appropriate syntactically, but semantically the noun is clearly the most important element and thus should be the head. ...
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense

... • The word order for a past tense sentence in PD uses these equations: • subject – hawwe/sei – other stuff – past participle. • hawwe/sei – subject – other stuff – past participle? • Ich hab Deitsch gelannt. – I learned Dutch. • Er iss nooch Kanadaa gfaahre. – He drove to Canada. ...
PARTS OF SPEECH 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5
PARTS OF SPEECH 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5

... MEMORIZE THESE WORDS. THEY ARE ALWAYS VERBS. ...
Year Four - Rivington Primary School
Year Four - Rivington Primary School

... Use apostrophes for possession for both singular and plural nouns (the girl’s shoes, the boys’ game) and know the grammatical difference between plural and possessive -s ...
TENSE AND ASPECT IN GREEK
TENSE AND ASPECT IN GREEK

... The stem indicates the meaning, while the personal ending indicates the person and number, and often the voice (three characteristics fused into one morpheme). But the verb also contains other information, either packed into the stem, or added by means of another morpheme. Two closely associated pie ...
Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

... George worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life's work. (What word does "this" refer to?) ...
ultimate grammar rules
ultimate grammar rules

... Ex: Activists who defend endangered species from poaching do it (so) on the grounds that such animals, once gone, are irreplaceable. What does ‘it’ refer to in this sentence? Defending endangered species. But since the gerund ‘defending’ doesn’t actually appear in the sentence, ‘it’ has no real ante ...
Brushstrokes
Brushstrokes

... Painting with Action Verbs • be – is a verb • It is a linking verb and a helping verb. • Sometimes using a be verb is necessary, but most being verbs should be eliminated in editing. Verbs a good writer tries to eliminate: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, has, have, had, does, do, did, shall, w ...
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Serbo-Croatian grammar

Serbo-Croatian is a South Slavic language that has, like most other Slavic languages, an extensive system of inflection. This article describes exclusively the grammar of the Shtokavian dialect, which is a part of the South Slavic dialect continuum and the basis for the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard variants of Serbo-Croatian.Pronouns, nouns, adjectives, and some numerals decline (change the word ending to reflect case, i.e. grammatical category and function), whereas verbs conjugate for person and tense. As in all other Slavic languages, the basic word order is subject–verb–object (SVO); however, due to the use of declension to show sentence structure, word order is not as important as in languages that tend toward analyticity such as English or Chinese. Deviations from the standard SVO order are stylistically marked and may be employed to convey a particular emphasis, mood or overall tone, according to the intentions of the speaker or writer. Often, such deviations will sound literary, poetical, or archaic.Nouns have three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, that correspond to a certain extent with the word ending, so that most nouns ending in -a are feminine, -o and -e neuter, and the rest mostly masculine with a small but important class of feminines. The grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns, and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, and instrumental.Verbs are divided into two broad classes according to their aspect, which can be either perfective (signifying a completed action) or imperfective (action is incomplete or repetitive). There are seven tenses, four of which (present, perfect, future I and II) are used in contemporary Serbo-Croatian, and the other three (aorist, imperfect and plusquamperfect) used much less frequently—the plusquamperfect is generally limited to written language and some more educated speakers, whereas the aorist and imperfect are considered stylistically marked and rather archaic. However, some non-standard dialects make considerable (and thus unmarked) use of those tenses.All Serbo-Croatian lexemes in this article are spelled in accented form in Latin alphabet, as well as in both accents (Ijekavian and Ekavian, with Ijekavian bracketed) where these differ (see Serbo-Croatian phonology.)
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