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Kenstowicz-Kissebert..
Kenstowicz-Kissebert..

... This sound change has produced morphophonemic alternations in cases where various morphological rules insert a vowel between two consonants. If the first consonant in a cluster was weakened (historically) as a result of Klingenheben's law, the original form of the consonant will often appear in morp ...
complete paper - Cascadilla Proceedings Project
complete paper - Cascadilla Proceedings Project

... reading. Further evidence comes from the contrast found between òun and its English equivalent, him, in examples (3) and (4) below: (3) John and Mary spoke to George; John believes that Mary likes him. (4) Ayoi ati Taiwok sòrò si Adéj ; Ayo gbàgbó pé Taiwo féron òun i /*j/*k Ayo and Taiwo spoke to A ...
Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar
Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

... which it was written, with the introduction of a specially adapted form of the Latin alphabet in 1928, accompanied by a total prohibition on any further use of the Arabic script for teaching or publication in Turkish. The second affected the substance of the language itself, particularly its lexicon ...
PDF - Glossa
PDF - Glossa

... Thus, in the standard Serbian orthography the truncated infinitive and the future auxiliary are written as one word (with no spacing between them), indicating that a truncated infinitive like radi-, or drža- is not an independent, free word. I will follow this convention throughout the paper: combin ...
Passé Composé with “être”
Passé Composé with “être”

... Je suis tombé(e) Tu es tombé(e) Il est tombé Elle est tombée Nous sommes tombé(e)s Vous êtes tombé(e)(s)(es) Ils sont tombés Elles sont tombées ...
GESENIUS Hebrew Grammar - Dr. Thomas F. McDaniel
GESENIUS Hebrew Grammar - Dr. Thomas F. McDaniel

... Hyvernat, of the University of Washington, who has rendered great service especially in the correction and enlargement of the indexes. I take this opportunity of thanking them all again sincerely. And I am no less grateful also to my dear colleague Prof. C. Steuernagel for the unwearying care with ...
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Noun Clause - jeffrey scott longstaff

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University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy
University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy

... If the subject of the gerundial construction is not expressed, it is called “covert subject” (Petrlíková 2006, 19). In this case the subject is recoverable from the linguistic context. The other situation is that the subject of the gerundial construction is implied, it is called “overt subject” (Pet ...
Participle Phrases
Participle Phrases

... Participle phrases are understood to work as adjectives even when they seem to have very adverbial meanings such as the examples of present participles above. You may remember from the chapter on adjectives that participles can be used just like any adjective that comes after an article and before t ...
studies in basque syntax: relative clauses
studies in basque syntax: relative clauses

... similating such accounts may help to free the student from his linguistic prejudices, be it the prejudice that all languages are basically like English, or the prejudice that languages differ in generally unpredictable ways. Moreover, since J. H. Greenberg's well-known typological study, we know tha ...
Putting Pieces Together: Combining FrameNet, VerbNet
Putting Pieces Together: Combining FrameNet, VerbNet

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Lesson 5: Weather and seasons

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Grammar for reading and writing

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Investigating Problems Pertaining to Concord as Encountered by the
Investigating Problems Pertaining to Concord as Encountered by the

... concord. However, the criteria on which the relation is based differ too. Bloomfield and several followers distinguish things according to domain (ie the syntactic environment in which agreement occurs): for them, concord exists in a ‘smaller’ domain, than cross – reference. For Greenberg the distin ...
Lesson 7
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... A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with its objet is a prepositional phrase. The cause of this sudden explosion remains a mystery. The prepositional phrase begins with the preposition of and ends with its object _ explosion _. ...
ParseTalk about Sentence- and Text
ParseTalk about Sentence- and Text

... the sentence level, but offers no opportunity at all to extend its analytic scope beyond that sentential level. We claim, however, that the dependencybased grammar model underlying ParseTalk 1. covers intra-sentential anaphora at the same level of descriptive adequacy as current GB, although it prov ...
The Use of Frameworks in Teaching Tense
The Use of Frameworks in Teaching Tense

... expressed in shades of meaning of different structures, but we have to make them understandable to our students so that, we hope, they will be able to use them themselves. To do this we refer to rules that are, in fact, not rules at all, but rather fallible attempts to explain what the language does ...
The pronominal clitic of quantified noun phrases in Slovenian
The pronominal clitic of quantified noun phrases in Slovenian

... The GQ has traditionally been recognized as a characteristic property of Slavic numeral noun phrases, although individual languages may differ with respect to the inflectional properties of the numerals and the subject-verb agreement pattern. Thus, for instance, Slovenian but not also Serbo-Croatian ...
Infinitives - Christian Brothers High School
Infinitives - Christian Brothers High School

... To isolate the infinitive phrase, begin with the infinitive first. He wants to spend this summer in ...
Prepositional Phrases as Subject Complements
Prepositional Phrases as Subject Complements

... Traditional grammars define prepositions as “words that indicate a relation between the noun or pronoun and another word, which may be a verb, an adjective, or another noun or pronoun.” Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition plus a prepositional phrase complement. In addition to seven primar ...
Perception of contrastive bi-syllabic lexical stress in unaccented and
Perception of contrastive bi-syllabic lexical stress in unaccented and

... phonology of their native language into the production of the second language, including segmental and suprasegmental stress patterns (Wenk, 1985; Peng and Ann, 2001). The implication of a syllable-timed language likely extends to the production of bi-syllabic words, in which it could be predicted t ...
Passive Voice Constructions in Modern Irish
Passive Voice Constructions in Modern Irish

... Irish supports three variants of the personal passive construction (i.e. perfective, progressive, prospective) each of which involves the substantive verb in a periphrastic form. The agent can optionally be represented obliquely. The active verb takes a non-finite form as a verbal adjective or verba ...
Statives and Reciprocal Morphology in Swahili
Statives and Reciprocal Morphology in Swahili

... the sociative and intensive uses of reciprocals, which we believe to be involved in the semantics of the reciprocal stative. As we show, the reciprocal stative combination also appears in a number of Bantu languages, with a range of meanings that are frequently more clear-cut than in Swahili. Sectio ...
The Pieces of Morphology
The Pieces of Morphology

... All composition is syntactic; the internal structure of words is created by the same mechanisms of construction as the internal structure of sentences. The internal semantic structure of roots (atoms for construction, along with the universally available grammatical features), whatever it may be and ...
ppt
ppt

... Up to 50 words: about 8-11 words added every month, adding words is a slow process After 50 words: about 22-37 words added every month, words often added after a single exposure Called the “word spurt”, “word explosion”, “naming explosion”. Occurs for most children around 18 months. ...
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Serbo-Croatian grammar

Serbo-Croatian is a South Slavic language that has, like most other Slavic languages, an extensive system of inflection. This article describes exclusively the grammar of the Shtokavian dialect, which is a part of the South Slavic dialect continuum and the basis for the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard variants of Serbo-Croatian.Pronouns, nouns, adjectives, and some numerals decline (change the word ending to reflect case, i.e. grammatical category and function), whereas verbs conjugate for person and tense. As in all other Slavic languages, the basic word order is subject–verb–object (SVO); however, due to the use of declension to show sentence structure, word order is not as important as in languages that tend toward analyticity such as English or Chinese. Deviations from the standard SVO order are stylistically marked and may be employed to convey a particular emphasis, mood or overall tone, according to the intentions of the speaker or writer. Often, such deviations will sound literary, poetical, or archaic.Nouns have three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, that correspond to a certain extent with the word ending, so that most nouns ending in -a are feminine, -o and -e neuter, and the rest mostly masculine with a small but important class of feminines. The grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns, and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, and instrumental.Verbs are divided into two broad classes according to their aspect, which can be either perfective (signifying a completed action) or imperfective (action is incomplete or repetitive). There are seven tenses, four of which (present, perfect, future I and II) are used in contemporary Serbo-Croatian, and the other three (aorist, imperfect and plusquamperfect) used much less frequently—the plusquamperfect is generally limited to written language and some more educated speakers, whereas the aorist and imperfect are considered stylistically marked and rather archaic. However, some non-standard dialects make considerable (and thus unmarked) use of those tenses.All Serbo-Croatian lexemes in this article are spelled in accented form in Latin alphabet, as well as in both accents (Ijekavian and Ekavian, with Ijekavian bracketed) where these differ (see Serbo-Croatian phonology.)
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