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The distribution of pronoun case forms in English
The distribution of pronoun case forms in English

... of pronoun case forms in Modem English and argues that the alternation between nominative and objective pronoun forms is a surface phenomenon best captured in a probabilistic constraint-based approach, where constraints are weighted and the combined weight of constraint violations determines the pro ...
The persistence of optional complementizer
The persistence of optional complementizer

... Lombardi (1998) found that locatives primed less than true passives (though they still primed significantly), hinting that the (possibly) syntactically distinct locatives prime differently from the syntactically identical passives. Furthermore, Levelt and Kelter (1982) found (in Dutch) that when shopk ...
A Practical English Grammar
A Practical English Grammar

... A Practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful. The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modem English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas ...
Fourth edition - kitaplarım / my books
Fourth edition - kitaplarım / my books

... A Practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful. The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modem English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas ...
is case a functional unit: latin genitive
is case a functional unit: latin genitive

... One of the major difficulties of the Latin genitive consists, as Jacques Perret recalls, “in recognizing the link of the adnominal use with all the other uses” (adapted from Perret, 1965, 456-467). Even if diachrony specialists all tempted to consider that ...
Translating Infinitival Structures
Translating Infinitival Structures

... other and to be able to analyse the similarities and differences of the languages compared, we may employ a study, called contrastive linguistics. Hoeye and Houghton (2001:45) claim that ‘the study of two languages in contrast has been referred to by a variety of names’. One can find the following t ...
ch02
ch02

... Adverbs Many, but not all, words ending in ly are adverbs. Exceptions are friendly, costly, and ugly. These words are adjectives. ...
Master`s Thesis - Nikhil Krishnaswamy
Master`s Thesis - Nikhil Krishnaswamy

... As language is an inherently temporal phenomenon, consisting of sequential symbolic representations expressed over time, temporal aspect in language is wellstudied. As a grammatical category, a verb’s temporal aspect marks how the action, event, or state denoted by the verb relates to the flow of ti ...
Dissertation Body
Dissertation Body

... Beginning in late OE, the unstressed vowels in the final syllables became reduced toward schwa or a schwa-like vowel. The inflectional endings of the OE strong verb principal parts, namely <-an> for the infinitive, <-on> for the preterite plural, and <-en> for the past participle, came to be written ...
A GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TSWANA ADVERBIAL by
A GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TSWANA ADVERBIAL by

... We examine adverbials as elements of clause structure in accordance with their formal identification and definition, and then consider the syntactic and semantic processes at work when they are used. At a syntactic level, we investigate the distributional properties and frequency of appearance of ad ...
semantic analysis of english performative verbs
semantic analysis of english performative verbs

... (9) Finally, performative verbs can have non-illocutionary meanings. For example, the verb "allow", which has performative uses, can also name events which are not speech acts. I can, for example, allow someone to do something without saying anything, just by letting him do it. Such verbs will be ca ...
The Gerund and the to-Infinitive as Subject
The Gerund and the to-Infinitive as Subject

... If one thing is clear from the foregoing discussion of the literature, it is that the -ing cannot be defined in terms of the notions of simultaneity, temporal overlap, or incompletion. And yet it does evoke such impressions in many of its uses, for instance, in the following progressive construction ...
Amalgam: A machine-learned generation module
Amalgam: A machine-learned generation module

... Reiter (1994) surveys the major natural language generation systems of the late 1980s through the mid-1990s: FUF (Elhadad 1992), IDAS (Reiter at al. 1992), JOYCE (Rambow and Korelsky 1992), PENMAN (Penman 1989) and SPOKESMAN (Meteer 1989). Each of these systems has a different theoretical underpinni ...
Developing Component Scor es from Natural
Developing Component Scor es from Natural

... The purpose of automatic essay scoring (AES) is to provide reliable and accurate scores on essays or on writing features specific to student and teacher interests. Studies show that AES systems correlate with human judgments of essay quality at between .60 and .85. In addition, AES systems report pe ...
Writing Process - Poway Unified School District
Writing Process - Poway Unified School District

... Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. As you write, keep referring back to your notes and the plan that you determined in stage 1, but don’t be afraid to change the plan when needed. During the drafting stage, you should concentrate on organizing your ...
Writing Process - Poway Unified School District
Writing Process - Poway Unified School District

... Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. As you write, keep referring back to your notes and the plan that you determined in stage 1, but don’t be afraid to change the plan when needed. During the drafting stage, you should concentrate on organizing your ...
SKY Journal of Linguistics is published by the Linguistic Association
SKY Journal of Linguistics is published by the Linguistic Association

... demographic factors. As will be seen later, the existence of linguistic islands, the positive or negative attitude towards the majority speech community language, the residential closeness, and resistance to interethnic marriages were found to be important elements responsible for either retention o ...
the definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented
the definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented

... particular, this dissertation addresses the possibility that the internal structure of a word is syntactic. The relevant question is whether syntax is previous to morphology or it is the other way around and morphology determines the syntactic behaviour of a constituent. We have selected the questio ...
pros sign 4-10
pros sign 4-10

... from single words, such as what, comment clauses or epistemic verbs, such as I think, you know, to more complex structures such as as everybody knows, or and everybody will agree with me, to structures such as please take a seat which might be completely disconnected with respect to the content of t ...
Gustar + Infinitive
Gustar + Infinitive

... In English, we actively express that we like to do something. that something is pleasing. In Spanish, we passively express ____________________________________________ using gustar. ...
Gustar Notes WKSHT
Gustar Notes WKSHT

... In English, we actively express that we like to do something. that something is pleasing. In Spanish, we passively express ____________________________________________ using gustar. ...
The evolution of number in Otomi
The evolution of number in Otomi

... In Old Otomi, the number system in pronominals was based on a singular-dual-plural opposition, but the dual became an unstable value in the breaking up of the old dialectal continuum. The instability is witnessed in that some of the modern languages stray considerably from the original situation, w ...
Understanding the Tlingit Verb
Understanding the Tlingit Verb

... and many of the tables and concepts are pulled directly from those works with the intention of creating text to help students use those guides. His grasp of Tlingit and the level of detail his research is achieving is astonishing and will help us understand many of the rich complexities of our ances ...
HAY There is, there are…
HAY There is, there are…

... can signify “to be” in Spanish. n  True definition: there is, there are ...
Verbal Compounding in English - Anglistik
Verbal Compounding in English - Anglistik

... cedes the verb, as in to *meat-eat instead of to eat meat, are generally judged ungrammatical by speakers of English. This could be one reason why the English language does not allow such Object + Verb compounds. However, since in German, which is more flexible regarding its word order and allows ob ...
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Spanish grammar

Spanish grammar is the grammar of the Spanish language (español, castellano), which is a Romance language that originated in north central Spain and is spoken today throughout Spain, some twenty countries in the Americas, and Equatorial Guinea.Spanish is an inflected language. The verbs are potentially marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in some fifty conjugated forms per verb). The nouns form a two-gender system and are marked for number. Pronouns can be inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and case, although the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system.Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in 1492 by the Andalusian linguist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca.The Real Academia Española (RAE) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography.Formal differences between Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the dialect of one area will have no difficulties using reasonably formal speech in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary.Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include DeBruyne (1996), Butt & Benjamin (2004), and Batchelor & San José (2010).
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