Knox Academy S3 Chemistry Unit 2: Atoms and Ions Summary
... Electrons are organised in levels of _ _ _ _ _ _ like the layers of an onion. ...
... Electrons are organised in levels of _ _ _ _ _ _ like the layers of an onion. ...
Charge mass ratio
... another sufficiently that you can combine them ? [Put quantitatively, are they within 2σ of each other ?] 3. Calculate the grand mean for all e/m readings, its standard deviation σ and the standard error in the grand mean σm . 4. Specify how this grand mean compares to the accepted value, i.e., how ...
... another sufficiently that you can combine them ? [Put quantitatively, are they within 2σ of each other ?] 3. Calculate the grand mean for all e/m readings, its standard deviation σ and the standard error in the grand mean σm . 4. Specify how this grand mean compares to the accepted value, i.e., how ...
Detecting particles in particle physics
... Exercise The exercise you are going to do is to try to recognise different types of particles and neutrino interactions using a program The human brain is one of the best pattern matching machines ever evolved. However, even we will get some of these wrong. Imagine how much harder it is to ask a co ...
... Exercise The exercise you are going to do is to try to recognise different types of particles and neutrino interactions using a program The human brain is one of the best pattern matching machines ever evolved. However, even we will get some of these wrong. Imagine how much harder it is to ask a co ...
What do the quantum numbers l and m determine
... Similar l = 2, m = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 or z2, x2-y2, xz, yz, xy are related but not identical sets of 5 functions. Hydrogen atom is a very simple system which is why it has so many degenerate orbitals. Quantum mechanics of other atoms shows one additional feature. The energy now depends on n and l. For ...
... Similar l = 2, m = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 or z2, x2-y2, xz, yz, xy are related but not identical sets of 5 functions. Hydrogen atom is a very simple system which is why it has so many degenerate orbitals. Quantum mechanics of other atoms shows one additional feature. The energy now depends on n and l. For ...
the pauli principle and the periodic table of the
... by J. H. Hetherington 1. Background One of the major accomplishments of quantum physics is the explanation of the chemical properties of the elements of the periodic table. This explanation is based on the shells (orbits) of electrons in the atom. These in turn can be described in terms of the quant ...
... by J. H. Hetherington 1. Background One of the major accomplishments of quantum physics is the explanation of the chemical properties of the elements of the periodic table. This explanation is based on the shells (orbits) of electrons in the atom. These in turn can be described in terms of the quant ...
quantum mechanical model
... All moving objects have wavelike behavior. Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) derived an equation to find the wavelength of the associated matter wave for a moving object. ...
... All moving objects have wavelike behavior. Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) derived an equation to find the wavelength of the associated matter wave for a moving object. ...
Example 18-2 Electron Drift Speed in a Flashlight
... the copper atoms, which slows their progress tremendously. (More sophisticated physics shows that an electron in copper moves in random motion at an average speed of about 106 m>s, about 1010 times faster than the drift speed. In the analogy we made earlier between electrons and a swarm of bees, you ...
... the copper atoms, which slows their progress tremendously. (More sophisticated physics shows that an electron in copper moves in random motion at an average speed of about 106 m>s, about 1010 times faster than the drift speed. In the analogy we made earlier between electrons and a swarm of bees, you ...
Section 3.6
... the investigation of bright line spectra and of magnetic effects upon these spectra—both of which preceded the theory that attempts to explain them in terms of atomic structure. ...
... the investigation of bright line spectra and of magnetic effects upon these spectra—both of which preceded the theory that attempts to explain them in terms of atomic structure. ...
Electric current
... Ohm’s law states that the current I through a given conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference V between its end points. ...
... Ohm’s law states that the current I through a given conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference V between its end points. ...
Life in the Higgs condensate, where electrons have mass
... Higgs condensate is thus responsible for the masses both of the gauge bosons which are carriers of the weak nuclear force and of fermions like electrons, but in different ways. The radius of an electron’s orbit in the ground state of a hydrogen atom is inversely proportional to the electron mass, an ...
... Higgs condensate is thus responsible for the masses both of the gauge bosons which are carriers of the weak nuclear force and of fermions like electrons, but in different ways. The radius of an electron’s orbit in the ground state of a hydrogen atom is inversely proportional to the electron mass, an ...
LECTURE 6
... A pretty good way to determine the electronic con gurations of the elements is to imagine adding one electron at a time to the energy levels of an atom. Each electron is added in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule. Several factors determine the energy of an electron in an ...
... A pretty good way to determine the electronic con gurations of the elements is to imagine adding one electron at a time to the energy levels of an atom. Each electron is added in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule. Several factors determine the energy of an electron in an ...
“We choose to examine a phenomenon which is impossible
... The important results from last time: Quantum mechanical entities can exhibit either wave-like or particle-like properties, depending on what one measures. We saw this phenomenon for photons, and claimed that it is also true for matter (e.g., electrons). The wave and particle properties are related ...
... The important results from last time: Quantum mechanical entities can exhibit either wave-like or particle-like properties, depending on what one measures. We saw this phenomenon for photons, and claimed that it is also true for matter (e.g., electrons). The wave and particle properties are related ...
Lecture 14 1 Entanglement and Spin
... Electron spins are hardly the only quantum system that can be entangled, so we might want to talk about general entanglement through “interaction Hamiltonians.” In the most general sense, we can talk about two quantum numbers x1 and x2 (i.e. quantized physical observables) that yield the following H ...
... Electron spins are hardly the only quantum system that can be entangled, so we might want to talk about general entanglement through “interaction Hamiltonians.” In the most general sense, we can talk about two quantum numbers x1 and x2 (i.e. quantized physical observables) that yield the following H ...
Lecture#2
... Generally, bond distances decrease as we move from single through double to triple bonds. The pair of electrons which is not involved in bonding is called a LONE PAIR ...
... Generally, bond distances decrease as we move from single through double to triple bonds. The pair of electrons which is not involved in bonding is called a LONE PAIR ...
Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, with a negative elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value in units of ħ, which means that it is a fermion. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all matter, electrons have properties of both particles and waves, and so can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a higher De Broglie wavelength for typical energies.Many physical phenomena involve electrons in an essential role, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. An electron generates an electric field surrounding it. An electron moving relative to an observer generates a magnetic field. External magnetic fields deflect an electron. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons as well as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields, whereas dedicated telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Electrons have many applications, including electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.Interactions involving electrons and other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics. The Coulomb force interaction between positive protons inside atomic nuclei and negative electrons composes atoms. Ionization or changes in the proportions of particles changes the binding energy of the system. The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms in 1838; Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897. Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles. Electrons may be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions, for instance when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere. The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron; it is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, both particles may be totally annihilated, producing gamma ray photons.