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Handout
Handout

... Lecture 5: Physical Realisation of Logic Gates The purpose of this lecture is to present a set of models which show how logic gates are made, and how they behave in practice. We will set the scene by discussing what is meant by a physical model. It is important to realise that our understanding of t ...
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Bsc_ElexPassIstAndII.. - Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya

... Unit II: FETs & Amplifiers JFET and MOSFET, Construction and Characteristics, Depletion and Enhancement type MOSFET, problems related to pinch off voltage, IDSS, Vgs, transfer characteristics, µ, rd, gm, ID, IDSS relation for FET and threshold voltage. Transistor as an amplifier: Class A, Class B, C ...
High-Voltage Power Delivery Through Charge Recycling
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... regulator consists of a power transistor whose gate voltage is controlled by a feedback error amplifier which keeps the output voltage a constant by adjusting the current through the power transistor to meet changing load requirements [5]. The energy efficiency of such a linear regulator is limited ...
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... IDD = 250 mA or IDSS, whichever is less. To achieve this drain current level, VG1 is typically biased between 0 V and –0.6 V. No other bias supplies or connections to the device are required for 2 to 26.5 GHz operation. The gate voltage (VG1) MUST be applied prior to the drain voltage (VDD) during p ...
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File - Woodwinds Resource File
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... correspondingto that line. To play a note located and built an electronic instrument that incorporates between two lines, the two keys corresponding a musician/machine interface device other than to the lines between which the note is situated the piano keyboard. The digital flute, as we call it, mu ...
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... For the technically minded, a review of the circuit in your new SLI 80 is in order. Your new SLI 80 integrated stereo amplifier operates in a class A/B-1 mode utilizing a negative fixed bias supply. The KT88/6550 output tubes are configured in push-pull. The triode mode provides 40 watts/channel of ...
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... is driven from the limiter is also summed at the input to the operational amplifier. The output of the operational amplifier is a voltage that is proportional to the log of the RF input level. Dynamic range is from 2mV to over 2V, that is, greater than 120dB. A solid state signal strength meter is u ...
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... source. We might imagine using such a source to power some electronics that need a stable source. (c) Add the resistive load back into the circuit and see how the load causes the output of the power supply to “ripple”. You may need to AC couple the scope and increase the gain to see the ripple well. ...
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... Considering how the same circuit behaves when the three supplies do not come up simultaneously but in a staggered fashion, it’s evident that the trip point on the final supply to come up will depend on the voltage levels at which the other two supplies have settled. Figure 2 illustrates what happens ...
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... slew rate is required since output step as large as half the signal amplitude are present. This is not the case for a classical lowpass filter where is generally much larger than four. Due to this requirement, the filter performance (maximum clock frequency, linearity, etc.) depends on the amplitude ...
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... A very high gain error amplifier is used to control this loop. The amplifier is constructed in such a way that at equilibrium, it produces a large, temperature proportional input offset voltage that is repeatable and very well controlled. The temperature proportional offset voltage is combined with ...
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... 2.7V to 5.5V). The MAX9937 monitors the current through a current-sense resistor by converting the sense voltage to a current output (OUT). Gain is set by the ratio of an output resistor (ROUT) and an input resistor (RRSP). Highside current monitoring with the MAX9937 does not interfere with the gro ...
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... •Rin = R1 + 1/sC. At high frequencies, s becomes large, Rin  R1. Let R1 = 1KW •A = - R2 / (R1 + 1/sC). At high frequencies, s becomes large, A  R2 / R1 . A = 40dB = 100, 100 = R2 / 1KW, R2 = 100KW. •fL = 1/2pR1C C = 1/2p R1 fL, ...
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... With the voltage-inverter configuration the output voltage output is of opposite polarity of the input. This is achieved by VL forward-biasing reverse-biased diode during the off times producing current and charging the capacitor for voltage production during the off times. With switching regulators ...
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... and when given a “hold” command they hold the value of the input signal at the instant when the “hold” command was issued, thereby serving as an analog storage device. An ideal S/H amplifier would be able to track any kind of input signal, and upon being given a hold command store at its output, wit ...
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... most versatile and important building blocks in analog circuit design. Operational amplifiers are amplifiers that have sufficiently high forward gain so that when negative feedback is applied, the closed-loop transfer function is practically independent of gain. Operational amplifier that use two or ...
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Amplifier



An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal.It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss.An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit within another device. The ability to amplify is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are extremely widely used in almost all electronic equipment. The types of amplifiers can be categorized in different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being amplified; audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz. Another is which quantity, voltage or current is being amplified; amplifiers can be divided into voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. A further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear representation of the input. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain.The first practical electronic device that amplified was the Audion (triode) vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers. The terms ""amplifier"" and ""amplification"" (from the Latin amplificare, 'to enlarge or expand') were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread. For the next 50 years, vacuum tubes were the only devices that could amplify. All amplifiers used them until the 1960s, when transistors appeared. Most amplifiers today use transistors, though tube amplifiers are still produced.
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