D : M F I
... compared over the three Plans. It declined from an average of 8.19 per cent of GDP during 1985-90 to an average of 6.05 per cent during 1997-2001. Fiscal deficit financed nearly 35 per cent of total expenditure during 1985-90. This ratio marginally declined to 31.16 per cent during 1997-2001. As a p ...
... compared over the three Plans. It declined from an average of 8.19 per cent of GDP during 1985-90 to an average of 6.05 per cent during 1997-2001. Fiscal deficit financed nearly 35 per cent of total expenditure during 1985-90. This ratio marginally declined to 31.16 per cent during 1997-2001. As a p ...
■' ■Æi.'ÿUw * S^pSsSSíií HÎKSfeïiiii
... The means of intervention used by governments to direct credit generated in the financial system towards its already determined priorities included directives issued to banks to allocate a given percentage of their loan portfolio to a particular sector, for example, agriculture, industry, etc., or t ...
... The means of intervention used by governments to direct credit generated in the financial system towards its already determined priorities included directives issued to banks to allocate a given percentage of their loan portfolio to a particular sector, for example, agriculture, industry, etc., or t ...
Serbia: Country Profile and Recent Economic Developments
... The country successfully implemented several structural reforms to reduce its high budget deficit. Despite some delays in their implementation, these measures have been a motor for the privatization process. The tax reform was enacted in three steps. First, the overall tax system was simplified in 200 ...
... The country successfully implemented several structural reforms to reduce its high budget deficit. Despite some delays in their implementation, these measures have been a motor for the privatization process. The tax reform was enacted in three steps. First, the overall tax system was simplified in 200 ...
this PDF file
... payments, empower VND on international markets and control dollarization phenomenon. Pham Hong Phuoc (2009) has approached the problem about the exchange rate volatility impacting on the trade balance of Vietnam. The author focused on the determination of the multilateral real exchange rate or real ...
... payments, empower VND on international markets and control dollarization phenomenon. Pham Hong Phuoc (2009) has approached the problem about the exchange rate volatility impacting on the trade balance of Vietnam. The author focused on the determination of the multilateral real exchange rate or real ...
The new North-South Divide in Europe – can the European
... different trajectories in different groups of low- and medium-income economies in Europe. The underlying driver of the ‘New North-South Divide’ in Europe is the build-up of external imbalances prior to the crisis within the EU and with the countries in Southeast Europe closely connected with the EU. ...
... different trajectories in different groups of low- and medium-income economies in Europe. The underlying driver of the ‘New North-South Divide’ in Europe is the build-up of external imbalances prior to the crisis within the EU and with the countries in Southeast Europe closely connected with the EU. ...
Angola - Banco BPI
... (the Executive expects production to reach 1.89 mbpd), the economic performance will be primarily dependent on the State’s ability to secure additional external funding (both bilateral and multilateral), as well as its ability to implement additional restrictive economic policies, such as tightening ...
... (the Executive expects production to reach 1.89 mbpd), the economic performance will be primarily dependent on the State’s ability to secure additional external funding (both bilateral and multilateral), as well as its ability to implement additional restrictive economic policies, such as tightening ...
A Neokeynesian Balance of Payment Model. Study Case on
... see they did not have problems to join the Economic and Monetary Union. On the other side, the ten new states that joined EU in 2004 seems to have economical difficulties to adopt euro currency because of national currency appreciation, a weaker productivity increase face to other European countries ...
... see they did not have problems to join the Economic and Monetary Union. On the other side, the ten new states that joined EU in 2004 seems to have economical difficulties to adopt euro currency because of national currency appreciation, a weaker productivity increase face to other European countries ...
Word
... new history of the Czech state. For the third year in a row the economic growth rate stands at 6.4% which is the yearly average and the CR thus joined the group of countries showing fast growth rates. Whereas the growth rate of GDP was in the CR by 3.6 p.p. higher than in the EU 27, the gap between ...
... new history of the Czech state. For the third year in a row the economic growth rate stands at 6.4% which is the yearly average and the CR thus joined the group of countries showing fast growth rates. Whereas the growth rate of GDP was in the CR by 3.6 p.p. higher than in the EU 27, the gap between ...
English
... • The fact that one can own one’s house or not is an institutional setting which should not affect the aggregate production figure. • If OOH was not imputed: – The comparison of the level of GDP between two countries would be affected by a difference in the rate of ownership by households of their h ...
... • The fact that one can own one’s house or not is an institutional setting which should not affect the aggregate production figure. • If OOH was not imputed: – The comparison of the level of GDP between two countries would be affected by a difference in the rate of ownership by households of their h ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXTERNALITY Joshua Aizenman
... mercantilist hoarding of reserves. According to this view, hoarding reserves encourages exports by mitigating or preventing the real exchange rate appreciation that would have occurred under a fully flexible exchange rate system. Indeed, hoarding international reserves has been advocated by Dooley e ...
... mercantilist hoarding of reserves. According to this view, hoarding reserves encourages exports by mitigating or preventing the real exchange rate appreciation that would have occurred under a fully flexible exchange rate system. Indeed, hoarding international reserves has been advocated by Dooley e ...
Chapter 17. Expectations, Output
... Introducing expectations requires thinking about the effects of expected future income (Y'e), expected future taxes (T'e), and the expected future real interest rate (r'e). Note that expected future government spending has no effect on the current IS relation, other than through its effect on future ...
... Introducing expectations requires thinking about the effects of expected future income (Y'e), expected future taxes (T'e), and the expected future real interest rate (r'e). Note that expected future government spending has no effect on the current IS relation, other than through its effect on future ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE END OF LARGE CURRENT
... recent decline in U.S. savings has been, at least partially, the result of the Fed’s policy of (very) low interest rates. According to this view, low interest rates have helped fuel very rapid increases in housing prices and a concomitant process of “mortgage extraction.” This has resulted in a decl ...
... recent decline in U.S. savings has been, at least partially, the result of the Fed’s policy of (very) low interest rates. According to this view, low interest rates have helped fuel very rapid increases in housing prices and a concomitant process of “mortgage extraction.” This has resulted in a decl ...
Reassessing the Link between the Japanese Yen and Emerging
... Japan has close economic ties with emerging Asian economies through trade, foreign direct investment, and foreign portfolio investment. These emerging countries, therefore, may have an incentive to maintain a stable bilateral exchange rate with the Japanese yen (JPY, hereafter), which may help stabi ...
... Japan has close economic ties with emerging Asian economies through trade, foreign direct investment, and foreign portfolio investment. These emerging countries, therefore, may have an incentive to maintain a stable bilateral exchange rate with the Japanese yen (JPY, hereafter), which may help stabi ...
Corporate Debt in emerging eConomies
... However, a combination of domestic and external factors has led to a partial reversal of this strategy, with some emerging economies accumulating significant external debt since 2010. Previewed by the May 2013 “taper tantrum,” there has been considerable speculation that a tightening of dollar-fundi ...
... However, a combination of domestic and external factors has led to a partial reversal of this strategy, with some emerging economies accumulating significant external debt since 2010. Previewed by the May 2013 “taper tantrum,” there has been considerable speculation that a tightening of dollar-fundi ...
Financial Globalization and the Russian Crisis of 1998
... 1998 would surely be assigned a place of distinction. It was preceded by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98, which began with the collapse of the Thai baht in July 1997, and then spread to envelope many of the prominent economies of East Asia. It was followed by Brazil in January 1999 and then Turkey ...
... 1998 would surely be assigned a place of distinction. It was preceded by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98, which began with the collapse of the Thai baht in July 1997, and then spread to envelope many of the prominent economies of East Asia. It was followed by Brazil in January 1999 and then Turkey ...
1305501187_526858
... transparency and efficiency in addition to eliminating counterparty risk due to guaranteed payments on contacts © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or ...
... transparency and efficiency in addition to eliminating counterparty risk due to guaranteed payments on contacts © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or ...
Labour Markets Trends, Financial Globalization and the Current
... Harrison (2002) tested for factors that could explain changes in labour shares, combining detailed national accounts data from the United Nations with measures of trade openness, capital account restrictions and capital flows. Overall, the results suggest that changes in factor shares are primarily ...
... Harrison (2002) tested for factors that could explain changes in labour shares, combining detailed national accounts data from the United Nations with measures of trade openness, capital account restrictions and capital flows. Overall, the results suggest that changes in factor shares are primarily ...
Solutions to Study Guide Questions
... b) Export firms and owners of resources that supply such firms would favor globalization. Increased exports would generally mean higher wages and employment for domestic workers in export sectors. Consumers, although generally not often a vocal special-interest group, will gain from increased intern ...
... b) Export firms and owners of resources that supply such firms would favor globalization. Increased exports would generally mean higher wages and employment for domestic workers in export sectors. Consumers, although generally not often a vocal special-interest group, will gain from increased intern ...
Full Text
... triggered a banking crisis as real estate prices started to fall. These banking crises in turn contributed to the sovereign debt crises in these two countries. The term euro crisis usually refers to the sovereign debt crisis. It has a shorter duration of about three and half years right now. Its sta ...
... triggered a banking crisis as real estate prices started to fall. These banking crises in turn contributed to the sovereign debt crises in these two countries. The term euro crisis usually refers to the sovereign debt crisis. It has a shorter duration of about three and half years right now. Its sta ...
Crowding Out and Government Spending
... budget deficits and interest rates. The contradictory results of their empirical analyses prohibit a conclusive edict on whether interest rates provide a significant link between budget deficits and private investment, or whether an alternative mechanism must be sought, or even if a relationship doe ...
... budget deficits and interest rates. The contradictory results of their empirical analyses prohibit a conclusive edict on whether interest rates provide a significant link between budget deficits and private investment, or whether an alternative mechanism must be sought, or even if a relationship doe ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXPORT SUPPLY AND IMPORT DEMAND FUNCTIONS:
... equilibrium real exchange rate by year that would drive the U.S. merchandise ...
... equilibrium real exchange rate by year that would drive the U.S. merchandise ...
Paper - Caribbean Centre for Money and Finance
... system of compensation to simultaneously target the domestic benchmark interest rate and the exchange rate even though there is de facto capital mobility. The phenomenon whereby the central bank can maintain two anchors in the long run is labelled the dual nominal anchor thesis by Khemraj and Pasha ...
... system of compensation to simultaneously target the domestic benchmark interest rate and the exchange rate even though there is de facto capital mobility. The phenomenon whereby the central bank can maintain two anchors in the long run is labelled the dual nominal anchor thesis by Khemraj and Pasha ...
Figure 12.1A Federal Budget Outlays, Receipts, Deficits and
... use or in a secure electronic network environment that prevents downloading or reproducing the copyrighted material. Otherwise, no part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including, but not limited to ...
... use or in a secure electronic network environment that prevents downloading or reproducing the copyrighted material. Otherwise, no part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including, but not limited to ...
The Fundamental Principle of Conservation of Physical Money: Its
... money concept, then the physical money cannot be created from nullity nor can be destroyed. As a result, violation of such a system will lead to a deficit in the financial system which cannot be paid off. Additionally, violation of gold standard and the breakage of the Bretton Woods system are the r ...
... money concept, then the physical money cannot be created from nullity nor can be destroyed. As a result, violation of such a system will lead to a deficit in the financial system which cannot be paid off. Additionally, violation of gold standard and the breakage of the Bretton Woods system are the r ...
East Africa Macroeconomic View
... in construction spending (-1.0%) and durable goods orders (-2.2%). We don’t expect any further rate hikes possibly until 2018 and this should offer some reprieve. China and the rest of the emerging markets (EM) have already faced significant capital outflows as investors move to assets they perceive ...
... in construction spending (-1.0%) and durable goods orders (-2.2%). We don’t expect any further rate hikes possibly until 2018 and this should offer some reprieve. China and the rest of the emerging markets (EM) have already faced significant capital outflows as investors move to assets they perceive ...