Supplemental notes in pdf
... body. However, unlike the liver that contains 10% glycogen by weight, individual muscle groups contain only ~1% glycogen by weight. Therefore, glycogen stores in any one muscle group become depleted when muscle contraction continues beyond about an hour. As glucose levels decline, the muscle tissue ...
... body. However, unlike the liver that contains 10% glycogen by weight, individual muscle groups contain only ~1% glycogen by weight. Therefore, glycogen stores in any one muscle group become depleted when muscle contraction continues beyond about an hour. As glucose levels decline, the muscle tissue ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... At a village fete, a local charity group was fund raising by performing certain sideroom tests. An 11-year-old boy was found to have a blood glucose of 14.4 mmol/L. His family was concerned, and an hour later his cousin, a recently diagnosed diabetic, confirmed the hyperglycaemia with his home monit ...
... At a village fete, a local charity group was fund raising by performing certain sideroom tests. An 11-year-old boy was found to have a blood glucose of 14.4 mmol/L. His family was concerned, and an hour later his cousin, a recently diagnosed diabetic, confirmed the hyperglycaemia with his home monit ...
Brain Needs in Different Metabolic states
... or fatty acids because they are more reduced (greater hydrogen/carbon ratio) than pyruvate and do not uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient as occurs with fatty acid metabolism. In contrast to glucose, ketone bodies by-pass cytoplasmic glycolysis and directly enter the mitochondria where they a ...
... or fatty acids because they are more reduced (greater hydrogen/carbon ratio) than pyruvate and do not uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient as occurs with fatty acid metabolism. In contrast to glucose, ketone bodies by-pass cytoplasmic glycolysis and directly enter the mitochondria where they a ...
Human Physiology
... sides of the double bond, that is, one “up” and one “down” across from each other. • Naturally-occurring unsaturated vegetable oils have almost all cis bonds, but using oil for frying causes some of the cis bonds to convert to trans bonds ...
... sides of the double bond, that is, one “up” and one “down” across from each other. • Naturally-occurring unsaturated vegetable oils have almost all cis bonds, but using oil for frying causes some of the cis bonds to convert to trans bonds ...
Fatty Acid Spiral
... Our diets must contain a reasonable ratio of the essential amino acids in order for our bodies to maintain health. – Meat, eggs, soy and milk contain the essential amino acids in a similar ratio to that needed by humans. – Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains tend to be high in some and low i ...
... Our diets must contain a reasonable ratio of the essential amino acids in order for our bodies to maintain health. – Meat, eggs, soy and milk contain the essential amino acids in a similar ratio to that needed by humans. – Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains tend to be high in some and low i ...
Document
... Our diets must contain a reasonable ratio of the essential amino acids in order for our bodies to maintain health. – Meat, eggs, soy and milk contain the essential amino acids in a similar ratio to that needed by humans. – Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains tend to be high in some and low i ...
... Our diets must contain a reasonable ratio of the essential amino acids in order for our bodies to maintain health. – Meat, eggs, soy and milk contain the essential amino acids in a similar ratio to that needed by humans. – Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains tend to be high in some and low i ...
Metabolism 2010edit
... – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final products & raw materials – levels of intermediates compounds in pathways » regulation of earlier steps in pathways – levels of other bio ...
... – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final products & raw materials – levels of intermediates compounds in pathways » regulation of earlier steps in pathways – levels of other bio ...
9.6 Respiration 4 (Control and other metabolites)
... – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final products & raw materials – levels of intermediates compounds in pathways » regulation of earlier steps in pathways – levels of other bio ...
... – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final products & raw materials – levels of intermediates compounds in pathways » regulation of earlier steps in pathways – levels of other bio ...
Exam 4
... a. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the enzymes of the pathway. b. It is an exothermic process. c. It results in net synthesis of ATP. d. It results in synthesis of NADH. e. all of the above. 25. During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction ...
... a. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the enzymes of the pathway. b. It is an exothermic process. c. It results in net synthesis of ATP. d. It results in synthesis of NADH. e. all of the above. 25. During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction ...
glycogen disappears
... Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. ...
... Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. ...
Biochemistry Objectives 43
... Glucose/fatty acid/ketone body cycle in starvation: since glucose is not being taken in exogenously in early starvation, it must be synthesized from fatty acid stimulation and amino acid components for use in the brain and RBCs. The rest of the body utilizes fatty acids to meet metabolic demand. In ...
... Glucose/fatty acid/ketone body cycle in starvation: since glucose is not being taken in exogenously in early starvation, it must be synthesized from fatty acid stimulation and amino acid components for use in the brain and RBCs. The rest of the body utilizes fatty acids to meet metabolic demand. In ...
Peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids
... The four steps of b-oxidation are repeated to get FA completely converted to acetylCoA. For example for a 16 carbon fatty acid, Palmityl-CoA, it will take 7 cycle of b-oxidation to generate 8 acetyl-CoA. Thus there will be production of ...
... The four steps of b-oxidation are repeated to get FA completely converted to acetylCoA. For example for a 16 carbon fatty acid, Palmityl-CoA, it will take 7 cycle of b-oxidation to generate 8 acetyl-CoA. Thus there will be production of ...
Test # 1
... Concerning the biosynthesis of urea by mammalian liver, each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT A. The first nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle does so in the form of carbamoyl phosphate. B. The second nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle is supplied by the amino group of aspartate. C ...
... Concerning the biosynthesis of urea by mammalian liver, each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT A. The first nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle does so in the form of carbamoyl phosphate. B. The second nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle is supplied by the amino group of aspartate. C ...
Endocrinology – glucose homeostasis
... by indirectly inhibiting gluconeogenesis via inhibition of fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. Second, it increases the rate of uptake of glucose into all insulin-sensitive tissues, notably muscle, adipose tissue and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (the “satiety centre”). It do ...
... by indirectly inhibiting gluconeogenesis via inhibition of fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. Second, it increases the rate of uptake of glucose into all insulin-sensitive tissues, notably muscle, adipose tissue and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (the “satiety centre”). It do ...
Midterm Exam Advanced Biochemistry II (Answer) 1. At equilibrium
... muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were ...
... muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were ...
Cell respiration review
... CELL RESPIRATION REVIEW Get yourself a whiteboard, marker and tissue. ...
... CELL RESPIRATION REVIEW Get yourself a whiteboard, marker and tissue. ...
Glycolysis 2
... Role in liver cells – traps extra glucose available from the diet so that it can be stored as glycogen for an energy source later ...
... Role in liver cells – traps extra glucose available from the diet so that it can be stored as glycogen for an energy source later ...
3rd Fall - rci.rutgers.edu
... C) Not saturable by the transported substrate; D) Driven by an electrochemical proton gradient; E) Not specific with respect to the substrate. 7. Which type of membrane transport systems uses ATP hydrolysis as an energy source? A) Facilitated diffusion; B) Simple diffusion; C) Primary active transpo ...
... C) Not saturable by the transported substrate; D) Driven by an electrochemical proton gradient; E) Not specific with respect to the substrate. 7. Which type of membrane transport systems uses ATP hydrolysis as an energy source? A) Facilitated diffusion; B) Simple diffusion; C) Primary active transpo ...
Kevin Ahern's Biochemistry Course (BB 350) at Oregon State University
... 1. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids requires two additional enzymes beyond those of beta oxidation. The two enzymes are enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4 dienoyl-CoA reductase (also known as Dina). The first enzyme catalyzes conversion of cis bonds between carbons 3 and 4 to trans bonds between carbon ...
... 1. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids requires two additional enzymes beyond those of beta oxidation. The two enzymes are enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4 dienoyl-CoA reductase (also known as Dina). The first enzyme catalyzes conversion of cis bonds between carbons 3 and 4 to trans bonds between carbon ...
Chapter 16 solutions
... Distinctive sugars. The intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers leads to a two- to fivefold increase in the level of lactate in the blood, a far greater increase than that observed after the infusion of the same amount of glucose. (a) Why is glycolysis more rapid after the infusion ...
... Distinctive sugars. The intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers leads to a two- to fivefold increase in the level of lactate in the blood, a far greater increase than that observed after the infusion of the same amount of glucose. (a) Why is glycolysis more rapid after the infusion ...
Pentose phosphate pathway = PPP Pentose phosphate cycle
... 2.) NADP, the substrate coenzyme activates the dehydrogenases, it is produced by other reactions 3.) insulin in well fed state induces the PPP dehydrogenases to have NADPH for the fatty acid (and further TAG) synthesis in adipocytes 4.) some molecules that induce reactions of biotransformation, indu ...
... 2.) NADP, the substrate coenzyme activates the dehydrogenases, it is produced by other reactions 3.) insulin in well fed state induces the PPP dehydrogenases to have NADPH for the fatty acid (and further TAG) synthesis in adipocytes 4.) some molecules that induce reactions of biotransformation, indu ...
Schematic of key mitochondrial metabolic pathways
... Figure 1. Schematic of key mitochondrial metabolic pathways. (a) Carbohydrate metabolism. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl CoA, which is then oxidised in an eight-step process known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The respiratory substrates NADH ...
... Figure 1. Schematic of key mitochondrial metabolic pathways. (a) Carbohydrate metabolism. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl CoA, which is then oxidised in an eight-step process known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The respiratory substrates NADH ...
Antioxidant Activity Associated with Lipid and
... germinated seeds of this tree for food uses is not known. This study reports some biochemical changes during seed germination associated with antioxidant activity and the mobilization of lipids and phenolics. Lipid content decreased, whereas the dominant fatty acids did not change significantly. The ...
... germinated seeds of this tree for food uses is not known. This study reports some biochemical changes during seed germination associated with antioxidant activity and the mobilization of lipids and phenolics. Lipid content decreased, whereas the dominant fatty acids did not change significantly. The ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.