class XI CHEMISTRY - Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 Harni Road
... should contain equal number of molecules. Dalton's Atomic Theory All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and otherproperties. Atoms of different elements are different in all respects. Atom is the smallest u ...
... should contain equal number of molecules. Dalton's Atomic Theory All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and otherproperties. Atoms of different elements are different in all respects. Atom is the smallest u ...
Atom Interferometry and Precision Tests in Gravitational Physics
... Einstein: The recoil of the slits’ support B is δp if the particle passes in the upper slit and -δp if the particle passes in the lower slit. The path of the particle can be determined by measuring the momentum of the slits’ support. Bohr: The slits’ support momentum should be known with an uncertai ...
... Einstein: The recoil of the slits’ support B is δp if the particle passes in the upper slit and -δp if the particle passes in the lower slit. The path of the particle can be determined by measuring the momentum of the slits’ support. Bohr: The slits’ support momentum should be known with an uncertai ...
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... assignable for protons Hd and Ha respectively. The two doublets of doublet at δ 6.5 (JHa-Hb = JHb-Hc = J = 8.0 Hz) and 6.9 (JHb-Hc= JHc-Hd = J = 8.0 Hz) accounts for the Ha and Hd respectively, while the relatively downfield signal at δ 8.5 has been assigned for the imine (=N-H) proton of 2-mercapto ...
... assignable for protons Hd and Ha respectively. The two doublets of doublet at δ 6.5 (JHa-Hb = JHb-Hc = J = 8.0 Hz) and 6.9 (JHb-Hc= JHc-Hd = J = 8.0 Hz) accounts for the Ha and Hd respectively, while the relatively downfield signal at δ 8.5 has been assigned for the imine (=N-H) proton of 2-mercapto ...
Momentum-resolved tunneling into fractional
... The quantum-Hall 共QH兲 effect1 arises due to incompressibilities developing in two-dimensional electron systems 共2DES兲 at special values of the electronic sheet density n 0 and perpendicular magnetic field B for which the filling factor ⫽2 បcn 0 / 兩 eB 兩 is equal to an integer or certain fraction ...
... The quantum-Hall 共QH兲 effect1 arises due to incompressibilities developing in two-dimensional electron systems 共2DES兲 at special values of the electronic sheet density n 0 and perpendicular magnetic field B for which the filling factor ⫽2 បcn 0 / 兩 eB 兩 is equal to an integer or certain fraction ...
Quantum Theories of Mind
... with quantized electron orbits, but had no physical reason for quantization. To guide his efforts, he posited his Correspondence Principle: quantum theory has to correspond to classical physics when applied to larger objects. This ensures a smooth transition between the quantum and classical theorie ...
... with quantized electron orbits, but had no physical reason for quantization. To guide his efforts, he posited his Correspondence Principle: quantum theory has to correspond to classical physics when applied to larger objects. This ensures a smooth transition between the quantum and classical theorie ...
Simultaneous optical trapping and detection of atoms by microdisk
... and negative 共attractive兲 for ⌬ ⬍ 0 共“red-detuned” light兲. Using the values of the parameter estimate of Sec. II B, we find that the force on an atom 100 nm away from the disk surface is about 70 K / nm. For later use in this paper, we now discuss the combined optical potential of two light fields ...
... and negative 共attractive兲 for ⌬ ⬍ 0 共“red-detuned” light兲. Using the values of the parameter estimate of Sec. II B, we find that the force on an atom 100 nm away from the disk surface is about 70 K / nm. For later use in this paper, we now discuss the combined optical potential of two light fields ...
Quantum Computing with Quantum Dots
... how a quantum computing (QC) system can be realized using localized excitons in QDs as the elementary quantum bit. According to DiVincenzo, the five requirements that must be satisfied in order to obtain a reliable QC system are: (1) a scalable system, (2) the ability to initialize qubits (3) relat ...
... how a quantum computing (QC) system can be realized using localized excitons in QDs as the elementary quantum bit. According to DiVincenzo, the five requirements that must be satisfied in order to obtain a reliable QC system are: (1) a scalable system, (2) the ability to initialize qubits (3) relat ...
Creating fractional quantum Hall states with atomic clusters
... We consider a cluster of bosonic atoms of (pseudo-)spin F , strongly confined along the spatial direction z, leading to quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) dynamics in the x-y plane. An additional harmonic confinement is produced along x and y, of angular frequency ω—the trap being assumed perfectly is ...
... We consider a cluster of bosonic atoms of (pseudo-)spin F , strongly confined along the spatial direction z, leading to quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) dynamics in the x-y plane. An additional harmonic confinement is produced along x and y, of angular frequency ω—the trap being assumed perfectly is ...
Atomically crafted spin lattices as model systems for quantum
... come to a time where it is possible not only to detect a single atom’s magnetization [2, 3], but also to analyse and control its magnetocrystalline anisotropy [4, 5, 6, 7], measure its Kondo coupling to the substrate electrons [8, 9, 10, 11], tune and read-out interatomic exchange coupling between t ...
... come to a time where it is possible not only to detect a single atom’s magnetization [2, 3], but also to analyse and control its magnetocrystalline anisotropy [4, 5, 6, 7], measure its Kondo coupling to the substrate electrons [8, 9, 10, 11], tune and read-out interatomic exchange coupling between t ...
Atomic and Ionic Radii of Elements 1–96
... Eugen Schwarz reminded us that Loschmidt was the first to calculate the diameter of a molecule,[4] Experimental estimates of atomic radii began with Lothar Meyer’s periodic curve of atomic volumes,[5] followed by early X-ray structure work by Bragg[6] and Pauling,[7] the atomic volumes derived by Bi ...
... Eugen Schwarz reminded us that Loschmidt was the first to calculate the diameter of a molecule,[4] Experimental estimates of atomic radii began with Lothar Meyer’s periodic curve of atomic volumes,[5] followed by early X-ray structure work by Bragg[6] and Pauling,[7] the atomic volumes derived by Bi ...
The role of electronic symmetry in charge-transfer-to
... parameter for a given Slater orbital. When continuity of the total potential is enforced, there is only one free parameter. We chose this to be the cutoff radius, and set r 0 ⫽1.25 Å in order to match the known electron affinity of 0.55 eV for gas-phase sodium.32 To verify the accuracy of this appro ...
... parameter for a given Slater orbital. When continuity of the total potential is enforced, there is only one free parameter. We chose this to be the cutoff radius, and set r 0 ⫽1.25 Å in order to match the known electron affinity of 0.55 eV for gas-phase sodium.32 To verify the accuracy of this appro ...
PC 4421 Lecture 1: Nuclei and Nuclear Forces
... measured. This might result in a dimension associated with either the charge or the matter distribution within the nucleus. Measurements of either distribution generally result in a simple parameterisation, r=roA1/3, where A is the number of nucleons and ro is a constant Charge distributions are eas ...
... measured. This might result in a dimension associated with either the charge or the matter distribution within the nucleus. Measurements of either distribution generally result in a simple parameterisation, r=roA1/3, where A is the number of nucleons and ro is a constant Charge distributions are eas ...
Q - PIMS
... The pressure of vapours is reduced to 106—107 torr. These vapours at low pressure are allowed to enter the ionization chamber. (ii) Ionization chamber: In this chamber fast moving electrons are bombarded which knock out electrons from neutral atoms. Thus they are converted into ions. These particl ...
... The pressure of vapours is reduced to 106—107 torr. These vapours at low pressure are allowed to enter the ionization chamber. (ii) Ionization chamber: In this chamber fast moving electrons are bombarded which knock out electrons from neutral atoms. Thus they are converted into ions. These particl ...
Imaging electrostatically confined Dirac fermions in graphene
... Here we employ a new patterning technique that allows the creation of stationary circular p–n junctions in a graphene layer on top of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Figure 1a illustrates how stationary circular graphene p–n junctions are created. We start with a graphene/hBN heterostructure resting ...
... Here we employ a new patterning technique that allows the creation of stationary circular p–n junctions in a graphene layer on top of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Figure 1a illustrates how stationary circular graphene p–n junctions are created. We start with a graphene/hBN heterostructure resting ...
84, 013608 (2011)
... using the Feshbach resonance [39], and the disorder potential can be created using optical speckle potentials [40]. The transport process of cold atoms is illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Initially, the bosonic atoms are confined within a group of lattice sites (denoted as region A) using a harmonic or box ...
... using the Feshbach resonance [39], and the disorder potential can be created using optical speckle potentials [40]. The transport process of cold atoms is illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Initially, the bosonic atoms are confined within a group of lattice sites (denoted as region A) using a harmonic or box ...
Part II Applications of Quantum Mechanics Lent 2012
... Really, the particles are to be thought of as wave packets which are made of a superposition of waves with wave vectors taking values in (k − ∆k, k + ∆k); the particles are then localized. This does not materially affect the analysis using the idealized system of pure plane waves. Why are we concern ...
... Really, the particles are to be thought of as wave packets which are made of a superposition of waves with wave vectors taking values in (k − ∆k, k + ∆k); the particles are then localized. This does not materially affect the analysis using the idealized system of pure plane waves. Why are we concern ...
Transport, Noise, and Conservation in the Electron Gas: Frederick Green
... possible physics of the problem. Instead it is reduced to a highly compliant, imaginative guiding “rule”; one that can be molded to any set of favorite preconceptions. For noise, diffusive (or, more accurately, pseudodiffusive) descriptions invariably take this linear theorem on faith. This is so th ...
... possible physics of the problem. Instead it is reduced to a highly compliant, imaginative guiding “rule”; one that can be molded to any set of favorite preconceptions. For noise, diffusive (or, more accurately, pseudodiffusive) descriptions invariably take this linear theorem on faith. This is so th ...
Bohr model
In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. After the cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model (1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911) came the Rutherford–Bohr model or just Bohr model for short (1913). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The Bohr model has been superseded, but the quantum theory remains sound.The model's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reason for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for its empirical results in terms of fundamental physical constants.The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics or energy level diagrams before moving on to the more accurate, but more complex, valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck's discovery of the quantum (1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory.