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BIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 1
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Science
 Independent variable
 Observation
 dependent variable
 Data
 Theory
 Inference
 Bias
 Hypothesis
 Biology
 Controlled experiment
 DNA
 Controlled group
 Stimulus
II.
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Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Biosphere
Important discussion ideas:
What is the goal of science?
List and explain the steps of the scientific methodology.
What attitudes help generate new ideas?
Why is peer review important?
List and explain the characteristics of living things.
List the different fields of biology. How do different fields of biology differ in their approach to
studying life?
What measurement system do most scientists use & how is it important to science?
CHAPTER 7
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Cell
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Cell theory
 Golgi apparatus
 Cell membrane
 Lysosome
 Cell wall
 Vacuole
 Nucleus
 Centriole
 Cytoplasm
 Chloroplast
 Prokaryote
 Mitochondrion
 Eukaryote
 Lipid bilayer
 Organelle
 Diffusion
 Cytoskeleton
 Selectively permeable
 Ribosome
 Osmosis
II.
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Facilitated diffusion
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Osmotic pressure
Homeostasis
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Receptor
Important discussion ideas:
State the cell theory is.
Describe how the different types of microscopes work.
Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Describe the functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cell nucleus, and major cell organelles.
Explain the process of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Explain how both unicellular & multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis.
What is cellular specialization?
Know the level of organization.
CHAPTER 8
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
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Adenosine triphosphate
Heterotrophy
Autotroph
Photosynthesis
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid
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II.
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Important discussion ideas:
Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.
Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food.
Explain the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis.
Explain the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis.
State the overall equation for photosynthesis.
Describe what happens during light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
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Stroma
Light-dependent
reaction
Light-independent
reaction
Photosystem
CHAPTER 9
III.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 calorie
 Anaerobic
 Cellular respiration
 Glycolysis
 Aerobic
 NAD+
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Electron transport
chain
ATP Synthase
Calvin cycle
NADP+
Krebs cycle
Matrix
Fermentation
IV.
Important discussion ideas:
 Explain where organisms get the energy they need for life process.
 Compare photosynthesis & cellular respiration.
 Describe what happens during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle & electron transport chain. (Make sure to
mention where they take place, how ATP is generated from each, and total ATP)
 Explain how organisms get energy in the absence of oxygen.
CHAPTER 10
V.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Cell division
 Centriole
 Asexual reproduction
 Chromatid
 Sexual reproduction
 Metaphase
 Chromosome
 Anaphase
 Chromatin
 Telophase
 Centromere
 Cytokinesis
 Interphase
 Cyclin
 Cell cycle
 Growth factor
 Mitosis
 Apoptosis
 Prophase
 Cancer
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Tumor
Embryo
Differentiation
Totipotent
Blastocyst
Pluripotent
Stem cell
multipotent
VI.
Important discussion ideas:
 Describe the problems that growth causes for cells.
 Name and describe the main events of the cell cycle.
 Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis.
 Describe the process of cytoskinesis, and how does it differ in animal and plant cells?
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Describe how the cell cycle is regulated.
Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells.
Describe the process of differentiation.
Define stem cells and explain their importance.
Identify the possible benefits and issues relating to stem cell research.
CHAPTER 11
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Genetics
 Punnett Square
 fertilization
 Homozygous
 Trait
 Heterozygous
 Hybrid
 Phenotype
 Gene
 Genotype
 Allele
 Independent assortment
 Principle of dominance
 Incomplete dominance
 Segregation
 Codominance
 Gamete
 Multiple alleles
 Probability
 Polygenic traits
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Homologous
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Tetrad
Crossing-over
zygote
Important discussion ideas:
Describe the work of Gregor Mendel.
Describe what happens during segregation.
Explain how geneticists use the principles of probability.
Know how to use the Punnett Square to solve monohybrid and Dihybrid genetic problems.
Describe the inheritance patterns that exist aside from simple dominance. Be able to solve problems
using the Punnett Square.
Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.
Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and gametes.
Summarize the events if meiosis.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.