Download biology second semester study guide

BIOLOGY SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 8
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Adenosine triphosphate
 Thylakoid
 Heterotrophy
 Stroma
 Autotroph
 Light-dependent
reaction
 Photosynthesis
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Light-independent
 Pigment
reaction
 Chlorophyll
 Photosystem
II.
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Electron transport
chain
ATP Synthase
Calvin cycle
NADP+
Important discussion ideas:
Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.
Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food.
Explain the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis.
Explain the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis.
State the overall equation for photosynthesis.
Describe what happens during light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
CHAPTER 9
III.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 calorie
 Anaerobic
 Cellular respiration
 Glycolysis
 Aerobic
 NAD+
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Krebs cycle
Matrix
Fermentation
IV.
Important discussion ideas:
 Explain where organisms get the energy they need for life process.
 Compare photosynthesis & cellular respiration.
 Describe what happens during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle & electron transport chain. (Make sure to
mention where they take place, how ATP is generated from each, and total ATP)
 Explain how organisms get energy in the absence of oxygen.
CHAPTER 10
V.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Cell division
 Centriole
 Asexual reproduction
 Chromatid
 Sexual reproduction
 Metaphase
 Chromosome
 Anaphase
 Chromatin
 Telophase
 Centromere
 Cytokinesis
 Interphase
 Cyclin
 Cell cycle
 Growth factor
 Mitosis
 Apoptosis
 Prophase
 Cancer
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Tumor
Embryo
Differentiation
Totipotent
Blastocyst
Pluripotent
Stem cell
multipotent
VI.
Important discussion ideas:
 Describe the problems that growth causes for cells.
 Name and describe the main events of the cell cycle.
 Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis.
 Describe the process of cytoskinesis, and how does it differ in animal and plant cells?
 Describe how the cell cycle is regulated.
 Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells.
 Describe the process of differentiation.
 Define stem cells and explain their importance.
 Identify the possible benefits and issues relating to stem cell research.
CHAPTER 11
I.
Important definition terms and concepts:
 Genetics
 Punnett Square
 fertilization
 Homozygous
 Trait
 Heterozygous
 Hybrid
 Phenotype
 Gene
 Genotype
 Allele
 Independent assortment
 Principle of dominance
 Incomplete dominance
 Segregation
 Codominance
 Gamete
 Multiple alleles
 Probability
 Polygenic traits
II.
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Homologous
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Tetrad
Crossing-over
zygote
Important discussion ideas:
Describe the work of Gregor Mendel.
Describe what happens during segregation.
Explain how geneticists use the principles of probability.
Know how to use the Punnett Square to solve monohybrid and Dihybrid genetic problems.
Describe the inheritance patterns that exist aside from simple dominance. Be able to solve problems
using the Punnett Square.
Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.
Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and gametes.
Summarize the events if meiosis.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.