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Reading Guide, Stryer Short Course, Chapter 30
1.Degradation of amino acids is primarily in the _________________, with the first step being
removal of ______________________.
2. The a-amino group of many amino acids if transferred to a-ketogluterate to make
_________________________, which is then oxidativley deaminated to yiled
___________________________.
3. Transamination of aspartate gives _____________________. Transamination of alanine gives
____________________. How are the enzymes that catalyze these reactions used diagnostically?
4. The enzyme ______________________________ removes ammonia from glutamate utilizing
the coenzyme __________________________. This takes place in what cellular compartment?
5. Branched amino acid degradation takes place largely in the __________________ tissue.
Nitrogen from branched amino acids gets to the liver through the ____________________ cycle,
in which branched amino acid nitrogen is incorporated into the amino acid
___________________, then to the amino acid _____________________ for transport through
the blood to the liver.
6. Another carrier of nitrogen is the amino acid ________________________, which is made
when ammonia is incorporated into glutamate.
7. Draw the structure of urea.
8. Free ammonia that is released into the mitochondrial matrix by glutamate dehydrogenase is
incorporated into the molecule __________________________ in the committed step of urea
synthesis.
9. The second nitrogen atom incorporated into urea comes from the molecule ______________.
10. The synthesis of urea from ammonia, bicarbonate, and aspartate costs ____________ ATP
equivalents.
11. Defects in the urea cycle lead to _________________________________.
12. Amino acids that are catabolized to acetyl CoA or acetoacetylCoA are termed
__________________, but those that are catabolized to pyruvate, a-ketogluterate, succinyl CoA,
fumarate, or oxaloacetate are called _____________________.
13. List each of the 20 amino acids as ketogenic, glucogenic, or both.
14. Which amino acid is transaminated to make pyruvate for catabolism? Name two other 3carbon amino acids that are made into pyruvate.
15. Which two four-carbon amino acids can be converted into oxaloacetate for catabolism?
16. Name four amino acid with 5-carbon backbones that can be transformed into glutamate.
Glutamate can be catabolized to the citric acid cycle intermediate __________________ through
transamination.
17. Like odd-chain fatty acids, valine and isoleucine can be made into ___________________,
which is converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate ________________________ by the
action of vitamin B12.
18. The catabolism of the branced amino acids _____________, ________, and ___________
are very similar, and follow the catabolic pathway of fatty acids called ____________________.
19. What two types of oxygenases are used in the degradation of aromatic amino acids?
20 Degradation of methionine is essential for the formation of the cofactor
___________________, which is a methyl donor.