Download I. The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
I.
The Protestant Reformation
A. Main Idea
1. Criticism of the Roman ______________ Church led to a
religious movement called the _________________ Reformation
and brought changes in religion and politics across __________.
B. Catholicism in the 1400s
1. Roman Catholic Church—influential, _________________, and
________- some people felt church straying from spiritual roots.
2. ______________ corruption, abuse of ___________, immorality
- people’s ____________ for priests, monks, popes weakened.
3. Pope Leo X approved sale of _________________:pardons
reduced a soul’s time in ______________ - needed money for St.
Peter’s ______________.
4. Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off ________
committed - sale of indulgences widely ______________.
C. Martin Luther
1. Martin Luther’s __________ criticism of the church in _______
marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
2. Believed selling indulgences sinful - in theses (______):
indulgences had no __________ to remit sin, criticized power of
________, ____________ of church.
3. Theses written in ________, intended for church leaders, not
_____________ people.
4. __________ theses to church door common practice - published,
distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy,
laypeople - desire for ___________ grew.
5. Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study,
debate - _________________ basic __________ beliefs, insisted
God’s grace _______ be won by good works; faith alone needed.
6. 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was __________,
not ________.
7. Insisted that individual Christians should be own ____________
of ______________, Christian practices should come only from
Bible - translated _________ into German.
D. Reactions to Luther
1. 1520, Pope __________ ____________ Luther from the Church;
_____, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor
Charles V.
2. Emperor handed down ____________________: declared Luther
to be outlaw, condemned his writings - Luther’s ideas spread.
3. 1529, Charles V tried to suppress ______________ in ________
- term _________________ came from this.
E. John Calvin
1. Most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther supported reforms of Luther in Germany.
II.
2. Preached doctrine of ______________________: God knows
who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation.
3. Geneva became ________________ under Calvin; strict laws
regulated behavior - strictness at heart of Calvinism’s ________,
gave sense of mission, discipline.
4. Calvinists making world fit for “__________” who had been
chosen for salvation.
F. Protestantism Spreads to England
1. 1509, ______________ became king, age 17 - devout ________
- wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas - actions won him
title “______________ of the Faith”.
2. By _______, Henry had only ______ child, Mary - Henry
wanted ________ heir, thought female monarch would ________
England.
3. Decided to have marriage to Catherine ______________ - _____
would not agree to annulment - “the king’s great matter”.
G. The Reformation Parliament
1. Reformation _______________ declared that ___________ no
longer considered itself under authority of pope - __________
became head of Church of England.
2. Henry changed rituals of church very little.
3. Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land
to nobles - this built more __________ support for split from
Catholic Church.
4. Act of ________________ passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head
of Church of England”.
5. Protestantism would go through varying levels of ____________
with Henry’s __________.
The Counter-Reformation
A. Main Idea
1. Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the
church. Their work turned back the ________ of Protestantism in
some areas and renewed the ________ of Catholics everywhere.
B. Reforming the Catholic Church
1. Before Luther, some Catholics working toward reform ______________________________.
2. Some tried to change church from __________ - others formed
new religious __________ whose members worked to reform
church.
3. Work renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service - most
influential of these, the Society of Jesus, or the ____________.
4. 1534, order founded by ______________________ - ran Jesuits
like ______________ organization, emphasizing obedience to
__________ above all.
5. Jesuits concentrated on _____________ as means for combating
Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, _______.
C. Council of Trent
1. Recognizing the need to redefine the _____________ of Catholic
faith, Pope ___________ convened the Council of Trent in ____.
Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified __________
on important points.
2. Delegates addressed abuses, corruption of clergy, training of
priests, financial abuses, and sale of indulgences ____________.
3. Argued church helped believers achieve salvation using ______,
magnificent ceremonies to inspire ________.
4. No ________________ between Catholicism, Protestantism.
5. Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance
women in religious orders took more active roles.
D. The Inquisition
1. 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court __________ Inquisition tried people accused of being ________,
of practicing _________________, of breaking church _______.
2. Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher ___________
Inquisition, 1478 - used Inquisition to impose religious _______,
especially on ____________ Jews, Muslims, later on Protestants.
3. Church tried to stamp out rebellion through _________________
- Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose
________.
4. Accounts of __________, _______________ by courts damaged
church’s image.
E. Religious and Social Effects
1. The Counter-Reformation affected the whole ________, because
policies of the Catholic Church influenced __________________
and _____________ wherever the church existed.
2. Renewed zeal for Catholic faith spread the religion to other ____,
________________ broke away from Catholic Church, split into
many ____________.
3. Religious ___________ increased as Catholics persecuted nonCatholics, non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and one another.
4. Martin Luther’s theses had opened door to ______________
___________ - brought equal proportion of conflict, turmoil.
F. Persecution and Hysteria
1. Catholics and Protestants viewed Jews, Muslims as __________.
2. Jews in 1492, Muslims in 1500, forced to _________ to Catholic
Christianity or leave _________; many Jews resettled in eastern,
southern Europe.
3. Some places, Jews forced to live in __________, walled in, gates
closed - Jews who had converted, were members of __________
elite, stayed in Spain.
4. Many Europeans feared ____________ roamed land, killing
children, cattle.
G.
H.
I.
J.
5. Fears increased in times of poor harvests, other hardships; fears
inspired ___________ in which accused witches tried for ______
wrongdoing.
6. Penalty for practicing witchcraft, ________; many ___________
victims executed.
7. Majority of executions between 1580 and 1660; thousands,
mostly ____________ and ________, killed.
Political Effects
1. Rising sense of ____________ identity interwoven with _______
in power of Catholic Church .
2. Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of ____
states, nations.
3. Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in _______,
business affairs - ____________ power became separated from
churches.
4. Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to increase
____________ in a region.
Religious Wars and Unrest
1. In 1494, King Charles VIII of _______ invaded Italy. This began
a series of wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the
Italian Peninsula.
2. Significance of wars: expanded Italian _________________
throughout Europe.
3. Conflicts among Germans: Peasants unhappy with high _______,
lack of power - Reformation preachers gave backing to idea of
____________.
4. 1524, tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles,
monasteries - __________________ - nobles harshly suppressed
uprising.
5. __________ refusal to side with peasants prevented Reformation
from spilling over into __________ revolution that encouraged
social ____________.
Tide of Protestantism
1. Holy Roman Emperor ___________ was determined to turn back
tide of Protestantism - 1546, began war against ______________
princes of _____________.
2. 1555, Peace of _______________ signed - allowed each prince
to choose religion subjects would practice.
3. Seeds of ______________ freedom had been planted.
Conflicts between Religions
1. In France, _______________, the Protestant _____________,
fought for years against Catholics.
2. Fighting ended when Huguenot leader, ____________________,
became Catholic.
3. 1598, Henry’s ___________________ granted religious freedom
to Protestants.