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American History
Mid-term Study Guide
Grade 7
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1. How did the cotton gin change the South? (373-374)
The cotton gin contributed to the expansion of slavery by making
it easier to clean cotton. With the machine one worker could clean
up to 50 lbs. of cotton a day, making it much more profitable to
grow cotton
2. Explain the Doctrine of Nullification. (p.400)
John C. Calhoun, VP of the US, felt that states had the right
to nullify (reject) a federal law that it considered it
unconstitutional. He believed that Congress had no right to
impose a tariff that favored one section over another.
3. What type of tax did the South disagree with and why? (p.399)
Tariffs were good for Northern factories because they
protected them from foreign competition. However, tariffs
were bad for the South, because the South was dependent
on trading their cotton to foreign countries for
manufactured goods. Higher tariffs on imports make
products the South was buying more expensive.
4. Explain the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. (p.494)
The Supreme Court said that slaves were property not
citizens; therefore Dred Scott had no right to sue. Congress
also had no power to limit slavery because it would violate
the Constitutional property rights of slaveholders,
therefore the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional –
slavery could be anywhere – no such thing as a slave state
and a free state.
. Therefore, no state could be a free state and states
could not ban citizens from importing, owning, or buying
and selling slaves.
5. What is popular sovereignty? (p. 480)
Popular sovereignty is a system in which issues are decided
by voters.
6. Explain the series of laws that became known as the Compromise of 1850. (p. 484)
This series of laws was intended to settle major
disagreements between free and slave states due again to
balance in Senate. To Please North – slave trade abolished
in Washington, D.C. and CA admitted as a free state. To
Please South – Fugitive Slave Act passed to help slave
owners and no slave laws passed regarding territories.
Problems developed due to the Fugitive Slave Law between
North and South over escaped slaves.
7. What were the goals of the Republican Party? (p.492)
Republican Party was formed in 1854 by opponents of
slavery (Northern Interests, Abolitionists, Free Soil Party, and
Northern Whigs). It was formed to protect the interest of the
North and oppose the expansion of slavery and the KansasNebraska Act.
8. Why did the South decide to secede after the Election of 1860? (pp. 501 – 502)
South upset because did not believe or trust Lincoln.
Thought he and Republicans were going to ban slavery and
threaten the South’s way of life. The Southern states
justified their decision to secede by arguing that since the
states had voluntarily joined the Union, they had the right
to leave it. This was based on the argument of states’
rights, the idea that states have certain rights the federal
government cannot overrule.
9. Who was the president of the Confederacy? The Union? (p.502)
Jefferson Davis was President of the Confederacy.
Abraham Lincoln was the President of the Union.
10. What event began the Civil War? (p. 511)
Lincoln decides to send supplies to Fort Sumter in South
Carolina and notified the Confederates. Confederates
decide to attack fort and opened fire on April 12, 1861
before supply ships arrive. After 34 hours, Union surrenders
– no casualties. This marks beginning of Civil War.
11. List the North’s strategy for winning the war. (p.513)
North’s strategy called Anaconda Plan to strangle South’s
economy like the snake squeezing its prey. Three parts:
 Naval blockade of South’s coastline to stop
traffic of goods and people
 Take control of Mississippi River to split
Confederacy in two
 Capture Richmond, VA – the capital of the
Confederacy
12. List the South’s strategy for winning the war. . (p.513)
The South’s strategy for winning the war was to start off
with a defensive strategy to prolong the war. Second, they
hoped to get foreign help from Britain and France who
depended on their cotton exports, but both countries had
enough cotton. Finally, a mix of defensive and offensive
strategies was adopted by invading the North several
times.
13. What were the lessons learned after the First battle of Bull Run? (p.515)
The three lessons learned from the First Battle of Bull Run
were: the fighting would be bloody, the war would not be
over quickly, and Southerners would fight fiercely to
defend the Confederacy.
14. What was the Capital of the Confederacy? The Union? (map p. 513)
Capital of Confederacy – Richmond, VA
Capital of Union – Washington, D.C.
15. What was the importance of the Battle of Antietam? (pp. 527-528)
Union General George McClellan and Confederate General
Robert E. Lee fought in the battle that was the bloodiest
day in American history – 23,000 men were dead or
wounded and ¼ of Lee’s army was lost. (Sept. 1862) He
was forced to retreat from Union territory, and the
cautious McClellan failed to follow, which frustrated
Lincoln who fired him.
16. What were the results of the Emancipation Proclamation for the North? South? (pp.539-540)
Since the Emancipation Proclamation only freed
the slaves in the rebelling states (the Confederacy) it
resulted in giving the war a moral (honorable) cause
for the Union. They were now fighting for freedom for
all slaves not only to just preserve the Union – Lincoln’s
original reason. This proclamation also gave the Union
more soldiers to help with the fight because the freed
slaves joined the Union cause.
The Emancipation Proclamation has negative
results for the Confederacy – depriving the Confederacy
of labor on the plantations and this affected their
economy negatively because the slaves joined the
Union Army.
17. Why were the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg important? (p.550
The results of Gettysburg were Lee again was defeated in the
North. He lost 1/3 of his troops with over 28,000 casualties.
The South never recovered from this defeat, even though the
war lasted two more years and he never again invaded the
North.
18. Explain Grant’s strategy to end the Civil War? (p. 553)
Grant’s new strategy as Commander of the Union forces
called for all forces to coordinate their attacks; Forces under
William Tecumseh Sherman would push through the South by
burning Atlanta and wage total war across Georgia to the sea
destroying everything.
19. Explain the guarantees of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. (pp.558,570,582)
Thirteenth Amendment- ended slavery
Fourteenth Amendment – made all people born in the U.S.
(including former slaves) Citizens.
Fifteenth Amendment - stated that citizens could not be
stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude”
20. What was the condition of the South after the Civil War? (pp.559-560)
South economically ruined after the Civil War –
plantations, factories, and railroads torn up or destroyed;
40% of livestock killed; 50% of farm machinery destroyed.
Lost 260,000 men and 100,000 wounded; spent large sums
of money – lost 18% of its wealth and remained in poverty
for decades.
21. What was the job of the Freedman’s Bureau? (p.571)
Federal agency set up to help former enslaved people – set
up schools for education , helped find jobs, and provided
goods like clothing and fuel to help freedman.
22. Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached? (p.575)
Andrew Johnson was impeached because he fought with
Congress over Reconstruction. Tenure of Office Act was
passed by Congress in 1867 prohibiting the president from
firing a government official without Senate approval.
Johnson then fired Sec. of War, Edwin Stanton over
disagreements about Reconstruction and was impeached
by the House of Representatives. The trial was held in the
Senate in 1868, and he was not convicted by one vote –
Edmund Ross (KS)
23. What caused the end of Reconstruction? (p.587)
The Compromise of 1877 in which the Democrats made a
deal to elect Rutherford B. Hayes President and in exchange for
the federal troops to leave South and left enforcement of civil
right in the South to the Democrats.
24. What were the causes of Industrial growth?
a. Population growth due to immigration – doubled,
much due to 14 million immigrants
b. Improved transportation – steamboats, canals,
railroads ship raw materials and finished products
quickly
c. Natural resources – forests, water, coal, iron, copper,
silver, gold
d. Government support – states and federal used land
grants, subsidies and tariffs
e. Investment capital – banks and wealthy people lent
business money
f. New inventions
25. What is a monopoly? (p.630)
Business that gains control of an industry by eliminating
other competitors
26. How did Andrew Carnegie control the steel industry? (p.635)
Carnegie bought all components of the steel industry, including
iron mines, coal mines, and steel making facilities. He wanted to
control the entire process and make the best and cheapest
product.
27. How did John D. Rockefeller’s business methods differ from Andrew Carnegie’s? (pp. 634-635)
Rockefeller only wanted to control only a part of the
industry – oil refining to drive all other competitors out of
business. By building refineries, making favorable deals
with railroads in secret, and creating the Standard Oil Trust
to gain a monopoly, He used secret deal with the railroads,
dropped his prices to drive out competitors, and set up the
Standard Oil Trust to achieve his goal and by 1895
controlled 95% of the oil refining industry.
Carnegie, on the other hand, bought all components of
the steel industry, including iron mines, coal mines, and
steel making facilities. He wanted to control the entire
process and make the best and cheapest product.
28. What are corporations? (p.634)
A corporation is a business owned by investors who buy
part of it through shares of stock.
29. Why were the late 1800’s called the “Gilded Age”? (p.637)
To “gild” means to coat an object with gold leaf,” so just as
gold leaf can disguise an object of lesser value, the wealth
of a few masked societies’ problems including widespread
poverty (11 of 12 million families earned just $380 a year)
and corrupt politics.
30. What were three major inventions of this time and explain how they changed American life?
(pp. 632-633)
 Thomas Edison helped by Lewis Latimer at lab in Menlo
Park, NJ invented practical electrical light bulb that safe,
steady, and provided electricity to buildings. Replaced
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gaslights. – allowed business to be open later and
streetlights for safety in cities.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. communicating
Switchboard added to telephone industry by allowing
more people to connect to telephone network and
opening up jobs for women.
Typewriter improved communication and also opened
up jobs for women.
Sewing machine created a new industry – ready-made
clothes and opened up jobs for many including women.
31. What is a depression? (p.630)
A period of low economic activity