* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Totalitarianism and Fascism
Survey
Document related concepts
Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism wikipedia , lookup
José Antonio Primo de Rivera wikipedia , lookup
Kingdom of Italy wikipedia , lookup
Austrofascism wikipedia , lookup
Giovanni Gentile wikipedia , lookup
Florestano Di Fausto wikipedia , lookup
Benito Mussolini wikipedia , lookup
Gabriele D'Annunzio wikipedia , lookup
Robert Soucy wikipedia , lookup
Italian Empire wikipedia , lookup
Economics of fascism wikipedia , lookup
Italian Fascism wikipedia , lookup
Italian Social Republic wikipedia , lookup
National Fascist Party wikipedia , lookup
Anti-fascism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Totalitarianism and Fascism I. “Totalitarianism” and “fascism:” A. “Totalitarianism”: 1. A totalitarian governmental regime is a __________________ that aspires, with a great degree of success, to control the __________________, values, and behavior of __________________; and all phases of political, social, and __________________ life and __________________. 2. Totalitarianism requires both a. a highly developed __________________, as well as b. __________________ (e.g., radio and film media for __________________, efficient transportation for mobilization, and giant __________________ for easy control by the __________________). There have therefore been totalitarian governments only in the __________________ Century. These were Nazi __________________ and the __________________. 3. These totalitarian regimes provided a total __________________. Like traditional __________________, this ideology offered: a. a complete story of __________________: past glories and defeats, present __________________, and future __________________; b. a clear set of absolute __________________ (good vs. evil in Nietzsche’s terms); and c. a sense of belonging to a great __________________; this was especially appealing to the isolated and alienated individuals of __________________ societies. In short, totalitarianism eases people’s __________________ of weakness and the __________________. B. “Fascism”: There are 2 senses of “fascism”: one narrow and one broad: 1. “Fascism” in the narrow sense refers to the rightist political movement that governed __________________ as a dictatorship during the period 1922-1943. It gets its name 97 from the fact that in 1919 their leader, Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) began using the fasces – a bundle of __________________ bound with a red cord that had been used in ancient __________________ as a symbol of authority – as a symbol of his movement. 2. “Fascism” in a broad sense also includes Nazi __________________ (1933-1945), since in both cases power was wielded exclusively by a single, popular, and charismatic __________________ (= “Duce” in Italian; “Führer” in German). C. Totalitarianism and fascism compared and contrasted: 1. Totalitarianism and fascism: a. Both are authoritarian, since the dictator’s or Party’s __________________ are what rule, instead of free and rational __________________ (e.g., through parliament or __________________). b. Both are also absolutist, since they allow no limits on the __________________ of the dictator or the Party. c. Both are against liberal __________________ (e.g., civil rights) and __________________ (e.g., effective parliaments or voting). 2. Unlike Soviet totalitarianism, German and Italian fascism was also opposed to __________________. Whereas Marxism was an __________________ movement, based on an economic class (the proletariat); fascism was a __________________ movement, based on the notion of a people (linked by race or culture). II. The rise of fascism in Italy: Italy immediately after WWI: - After WWI, Italy was ruled by a weak __________________ government. - Italy’s __________________ was in shambles: food shortages, inflation, and __________________. - Italian landowners and industrialists feared a __________________ revolution, as had happened in __________________ in 1917. - Italians felt that they had __________________ much during WWI, but gained little in return from the Peace of __________________. 98 1919: Mussolini, a WWI veteran, organizes the Fascist party, with its own militia of “__________________ Shirts” to combat the socialist “__________________ Shirts”. Mussolini’s Fascist party was supported by: - Italian landowners and industrialists, who supplied __________________; - military __________________, who thought Mussolini would increase Italy’s military power; - the lower-middle class, who feared the power the __________________ promised to factory workers; - intellectuals and university students, who were attracted to Mussolini’s promise of __________________. October 1922: Mussolini’s Fascists march on __________________, demanding power, even though they had only 35 of 535 seats in parliament. The weak liberal King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini __________________ to __________________ them. 1925-6: Mussolini eliminates non-Fascists from his __________________, dissolves opposition __________________ and trade unions, censors the __________________, puts Fascists in local government, and organizes a __________________ secret police. - Once firmly in power, Mussolini used the __________________ to convey an image of himself as a macho leader who would restore the glory of the __________________ Empire to Italy. - In order to make Italy self-sufficient (in case of war), Mussolini - launched the “battle of __________________” to increase the wheat crop; - limited the import of __________________ goods, which increased the profits for Italian industrialists. 1929: the Lateran Accords recognize the independence of __________________ City, and made __________________ instruction mandatory in all secondary schools. This was Mussolini’s attempt to secure the support of the ultra__________________ Pope Pius XI (r. 1922-29), and thus to improve Mussolini’s image among __________________. 99