Download Lab Practicum I

This is a supplement to your lab notes and your notes are the best guide for
studying- note that not all terms and concepts may be listed below and that you
should study only the labs that we reviewed this semester!
*= items reviewed outside of class or used as a resource
Bold =items of special interest but may not have been covered.
Labs I
Know the and be able to describe the Scientific Method
Null hypothesis, Dependent and Independent variables
Lab 1
Know the different parts of the microscope and procedures to set up slide for
viewing
Know the magnifications of ocular and objective lenses as well as total mag at
scanning, low, high and oil immersion
Know the approximate field of view width for each objective lens and be able to
calculate approx. size of organism.
*Lab 2 (was an out of class assignment)
Metric system be able to convert between units i.e. centi to micro
Know symbols and number value for each unit prefix, micro, milli, centi, and
kilo
Know conversions inch to cm, lb to kg,
Know that for water 1cubic centimeter equals 1ml equals 1g of water and know
how to convert between them.
Know scientific notation
Be able to identify measuring equipment that we used during lab ie.
Micropipette, graduated cylinder, beaker, ph meter, spectrophotometer
Lab 3
Lab 4
Define terms such as pH (know its equation), buffer, acid and base.
What is an indicator and what did we use the cabbage indicator for?
Describe the various ways were we able to measure pH
Which is the most accurate?
Be able to identify cell components (Handout and cell models)
Be able to describe the general structure of organic molecules, protein,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
Know the wavelength range for visible light and the colors they present at each
range.
Spectrophotometer
What does a spectrophotometer do? Describe the basic operation.
What is a blank and how do you make one and use one in spectrophotometry?
What is the relationship between absorbance and transmittance?
1
Describe the relationship between absorbance and the concentration of a lightabsorbing substance in solution.
Lab 6
Prokaryotic Cells- describe
Know basic procedure for Gram staining, and growing bacteria (streaking and
spreading plates)
Define media, broth, prokaryotes and examples of prokaryotes, Aseptic
technique
For plates know that Ecoli off white color and Serratia m. red color
Lab 7
Be able to describe a eukaryotic cell and examples of both plant and animals
that we observed (Elodea, onion, poato, banana, carrot, nerve, volvox, sperm,
starfish egg)
Be able to identify nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall (if any), and other
components such as chloroplast, vacuoles, and chromoplast
Identify the structures of a typical plant cell
Describe the organelles and function of each
Describe Elodea and Spirogyra under the microscope. Be able to identify the
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm chloroplast, and nucleus
Identify the structure of a typical animal cell.
Describe the organelles and function of each.
For slides be able to identify Nucelus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
Lab 10 Enzymes
What is the function of an enzyme. Describe the active site and substrate.
Describe primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein.
Describe the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate
concentration on the enzyme activity of enzymes. Use catecholase as an
example.
Describe the chemical reaction in which catechol is converted to benzoquinone.
Where does the enzyme catecholase come from? What is catechol?
Be able to describe and draw graphs (label axes) of the above catecholase
results or any other enzyme reaction.
How is an enzyme (protein) denatured? What happens to the enzyme that is
denatured?
Why does changing secondary and tertiary structure affect enzyme activity?
Lab 11 Cell Metabolism
Define the terms: glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic fermentation, Kreb cycle,
electron transport, heterotroph, and facultative anaerobe.
Describe the process of glycolysis, what are the products? Where does it
occur?
What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration? What happens
exactly.
2
Desribe how to demonstrate carbon dioxide and ethanol production during
fermentation. List the requirements for fermentation to occur. Where and when
does it occur? What are the products?
Describe how DPIP can be used to study a reaction in which hydrogen is
transferred from one compound to another.
List the requirements for the Kreb’s cycle reaction in which succinate is
transformed to fumarate. (when does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport
occur?)
Describe how FAD functions as a coenzyme with succinic dehydrogenase. What
is reduced and what is oxidized in the reaction?
How does malonate act as a competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase?
What affect does the amount of substrate have on an inhibitor?
Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
What are the products of cell respiration?
Lab 9
Mitosis
Know the events of Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis.
G1, S and G2, cell division
DNA replication.
Identify organelles of the cell that aid in cell division.
What is a chromatid? What is a chromosome? What is a centromere?
Homologous pairs, gene, allele, loci
Phases of the cell cycle in the onion root tip and approximate % time spent in
each.
Identify models/slides in each phase of cell divison.
*Lab 13 (used for reviewing Meiosis)
Meiosis Handout (reference lab 13 in lab book)
Know the events of Interphase, Meiosis and cytokinesis
Describe each phase of meiosis I and II
What is a Tetrad and crossover? When does this occur?
Briefly describe how cells are able to increase diversity in the genetic makeup
of gametes.
Understand Independent assortment and segregation
Homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, Linked and unlinked genes.
Drosophila Genetics
Know the binomial name of the fruit fly- Drosophila melanogaster
Know Life stage of fruit fly and how long they stay in each stage and how long
they live.
What is the importance of Virgin flies?
How to identify the sex of fruit fly
General Procedure for sexing them
Be able to calculate F1 generation, F2 generations for both dominant and
recessive genes.
What type of mutants did we work with and which were recessive/dominant
traits.
What is the phenotype for wild type.
3
Be able to recreate F1 cross and F2 cross and determine genotypes and
phenotypes of each mutation- Be able to use the correct nomenclature for each
phenotype i.e. wild vs. mutant.
Diversity of Plants 24
Be able to distinguish between tracheophytes from non tracheophytes.
What is a gymnosperm?
What is an angiosperm?
Archegonia vs. anther
Microspores vs. megaspores
Identify structures of a flower
Identify male vs female plant structures
Describe evolution of water to land (i.e. vascularization and mechanisms of
fertilization.
*Population Genetics CalculationsBe able to write out the Hardy-Weinberg equation and how to solve
problems.
What is the frequency of Homozygous recessive, Heterozygous
dominant, and heterozygous specimens if given a example population.
Define gene pool, population, allele, genotype, phenotype, allelic
frequency, genotypic frequency
What are some of the conditions that must exist in order for this HardyWeinberg equation to exist?
*Diversity Lab 22 and 23
Know the various Kingdoms and Domains (specific examples seen in
lab)
Be able to ID slides of the various kingdoms
Describe morphology of bacteria and be able to ID
What type of organism is penicillin
What is nitrogen fixation and describe the biochemical pathway
Describe Rhizobium and its symbiotic relationship with some plants.
Where do you find Rhizobium?
Describe characteristics of Lichen and be able to ID Fructiose, Foliose,
and Crustose
Describe a protista and modes of locomotion.
What is symbiosis? Mutualism? Commensalism? Know Examples seen
in lab
Know the various types of Algae
Know the structure for plant and animal cells
Know the various types of Fungi and examples of each
Ascomycota, basiodiomycota and zygomycota (be able to draw or ID
general structure
4