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Second Semester Final Exam Study Guide: Students will be expected to… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the manipulated variable, responding variable, and controlled variables of an experiment. Interpret data Identify limitations of scientific experiments, scientific models Relate the size of a cell to diffusion, DNA load, volume, surface, movement of food… Understand parts of the cell cycle (what happens during interphase, M phase; relative lengths of each phase, etc…) 6. Identify parts of a chromosome (DNA, histones, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, genes/alleles) 7. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis 8. Explain how the cell cycle is regulated (contact inhibition, cyclins, cancer, etc…) 9. Explain what stem cells are and what they can become 10. Construct and complete a Punnett square for single trait (monohybrid) crosses. 11. Construct and complete a Punnett square for double trait (dihybrid) crosses. 12. Determine predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratios from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. 13. Distinguish probability from possibility 14. Describe how genetic variation of offspring is increased during meiosis. 15. List possible gametes from a parent (given their genotype) 16. Distinguish the following modes of inheritance: complete dominance, codominance and incomplete dominance. Identify traits as being polygenic or caused by multiple alleles. 17. Determine genotypes given phenotypes (and vice versa). 18. Identify the structure and components of DNA (nucleotides, deoxyribose, etc…) 19. Identify the structure, components and types of RNA (nucleotides, ribose, etc…) 20. Describe the process of DNA replication 21. Describe the process of Transcription 22. Describe the process of Translation 23. Identify different types of mutations (chromosomal and genes) 24. Transcribe and translate a DNA sequence or mRNA sequence (translation table provided) 25. Compare/contrast DNA replication with transcription 26. Explain gene regulation and how it relates to cell specialization 27. Explain how hox genes affect animal development 28. Explain karyotypes (normal chromosome numbers, autosomes vs. sex chromosomes) 29. Explain gender determination, sex-linked traits and gametes (sex cells) 30. Interpret pedigrees (how to read them, determine genotypes such as heterozygous or homozygous, identify the number of generations shown, etc…) 31. Explain the connection between meiosis and karyotypes of offspring, gamete production (and what can go wrong following nondisjunction) 32. Distinguish artificial selection from natural selection 33. Relate fitness and adaptations 34. Identify the conditions necessary for natural selection to occur (tenets of natural selection) 35. Identify types of selection (directional, stabilizing, etc…) and isolation (geographical, behavioral, etc…) 36. Describe evidence of evolution using jigsaw information (fossil evidence, amino acid sequence comparisons, homologous/vestigial structures, physical anthropology…) 37. Interpret a cladogram with respect to common ancestry (and label nodes with traits, as in the chordate cladogram). Important vocabulary: Adaptation Adenine Allele Amino acid Amniotic Egg Anaphase Anticodon Artificial selection Autosomal chromosomes Base pairing Behavioral isolation Cancer Cell cycle Cell specialization Centriole Centromere Chordate Chromatin Chromosome Cladogram Codominance Codon Colorblindness Complementary Contact inhibition Continental drift Controlled variable Crossing over Cyclins Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Cytosine Daughter cell Deletion (mutation) Deoxyribose Differentiation Diploid (2n) Directional selection Disruptive selection DNA DNA polymerase DNA replication DNA template Dominant Double helix Duplication (mutation) Ectotherm Egg Embryo Endotherm Evolution Fitness Fossil Frameshift mutation Gamete Gene Gene regulation Genotype Genotypic ratio Geographical isolation Guanine Haploid (1n) Heritable Heterozygous Histone Histones Homologous chromosomes Homologous structure Homozygous Hox genes Hydrogen bond Incomplete dominance Independent assortment Insertion (mutation) Internal regulator (cell cycle) Interphase Inversion (mutation) Karyotype Limitation M phase Manipulated variable Meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Messenger RNA (mRNA) Metaphase Mitosis Multiple alleles Mutation Natural selection Nitrogenous base Nondisjunction Nucleosome Nucleotide Nucleus Offspring Paleontologist Parent cell Pedigree Phenotype Phenotypic ratio Phosphate Point mutation Polygenic Polypeptide Principle of probability Probability Promoter Prophase Protein Punnett square Recessive Recessive Responding variable Ribose Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosome RNA polymerase Sex chromosomes Sex-linked genes Sister chromatid Speciation Species Sperm Stabilizing selection Stem cell Substitution (mutation) Sugar-phosphate backbone Surface area Telophase Temporal isolation Thymine Trait Transcription Transfer RNA (tRNA) Translation Translocation (mutation) Uracil Variation Vestigial structure Volume X chromosome Y chromosome