Download Organic Compounds or Macromolecules

Organic Compounds or Macromolecules
I. Carbohydrates (saccharides) (most end in “ose”)
A. made of C, H, O (ratio of H to O is 2:1), where the monomer is a **monosaccharide
or simple sugar
B. carbohydrates are sugars (made by animals) and starches (made by plants)
1. monosaccharide- **simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
2. disaccharide- formed by joining **2 simple sugars (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
3. polysaccharide- many simple sugars (starch is made up of 100’s of glucose
molecules, glycogen is made up of 1000’s of glucose)
C. carbohydrates are quick energy (broken by hydrolysis)
D. **cellulose is a carbohydrate made by plants to form cell walls
(we can’t digest cellulose...why?)
** all macromolecules are put together by **dehydration synthesis
** all macromolecules are broken down by **hydrolysis; splitting by adding water
II. Lipids
A. made of C, H, O, where the monomer is **3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
B. are fats, oils, waxes [at room temp...fats are **solid, oils are **liquid]
C. used to:
1. form biological membranes- like the cell membrane
2. **store energy in animals
3. **form protective barriers for plants (cuticle)
D. lipids have 2x more E per gram than carbohydrates do, if not used what happens??
E. types of lipids
1. **saturated fats- if every C in a fatty acid chain is joined to another C by a single bond
C-C-C-C-C-C-C
2. **unsaturated fats- if some C atoms are joined by double bonds C-C=C-C-C
3. **polyunsaturated fats- several C joined by double bonds
(polyunsatruated cooking oils may prevent heart disease) C-C=C-C-C=C-C
4. sterols- cell building and message sending in body (cholesterol)
5. phospholipids- important in cell membrane formation
a. made of parts that dissolve well in H2O (hydrophilic- H2O loving) and
b. oily parts that do not dissolve in H2O (hydrophobic- H2O fearing)
c. when they are mixed in H2O they form a phospholipid bilayer
III. Proteins (a lot of proteins end in “in”)
A. made of C, H, O, N, where the monomers are **amino acids (20 different a.a.)
B. a.a. are joined by **peptide bonds (covalent)
C. proteins are also called **polypeptides
D. are used to:
1. **speed up and carry out chemical reactions
2. pump small molecules into and out of the cell
3. **helps some cells move- flagella and cilia
E. Enzymes are special proteins (usually end in “ase”)
1. are protein catalysts (speed up chem. rxns)
2. work by holding substrates (reactants) in position to react with each other
3. **active sites- where enzymes bind to substrates
4. can be used over an over b/c they are not involved in a chemical change
5. digestion, thinking, respiration, reproduction, movement, making enzymes...
6. concentration, pH, and temp effect the function of enzymes; therefore rate of rxn
IV. Nucleic Acids
A. made of C, H, O, N, where the monomer is a **nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base)
B. large complex molecules that control heredity
1. DNA- **deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic code
2. RNA- **ribonucleic acid, works w/ DNA to carry out instructions in code
C. all organisms and some non-living agents have nucleic acids
1. bacteria- circular DNA (plasmid)
2. humans- double stranded DNA (double helix)
3. viruses- **NONLIVING- may have either RNA or DNA