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Snails 7 Zebra 6 Your name:____KEY_________ Date:__________________ Completed and turned in on time:______ Review questions for ch. 8 test “Continuity through Genetics” Directions: answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Who is the father of modern genetics? Mendel 2. What term is used to express the first filial generation? F1 generation 3. When is the recessive form of a trait observed in the phenotype? When it’s the only allele in the genotype 4. What are multiple forms of the same gene called? alleles 5. What is the phenotype dependant on? the genotype 6. What phenotypic ratio is observed if two heterozygous codominant individuals mated? 1:2:1 ratio 7. Why are blood type alleles expressed as IA? Because there are more than two alleles 8. In a dihybrid cross, if both individuals are heterozygous for both traits, what ratio is seen in the phenotype? 9:3:3:1 9. What is a karyotype? a picture of the complete diploid set of chromosomes, arranged by size Snails 7 Zebra 6 10. What are the complimentary pairs of nucleotides in DNA? T-A… C-G 11. What is the cause of Down’s syndrome? An extra chromosome (#21) 12. What does uracil replace in RNA? thiamine 13. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid 14. Both RNA and DNA have a sugar with this many carbons… 5 carbons 15. What enzyme separates DNA during replication or transcription? helicase 16. What is the complement to a codon? anticodon 17. What is a ribosome composed of? rRNA 18. Before they become proteins, how many conformations (changes in shape) do polypeptides go through on average? 4 19. What is the goal of the human genome project? Find a complete sequence of DNA for humans 20. List some organisms that genetic technology has “enhanced”. Fruits/vegetables (corn, strawberries, bananas, wheat) Snails 7 Zebra 6 21. What kind of ends are possible with the use of restriction enzymes? Sticky ends and blunt ends 22. What is the end result of the central dogma? proteins 23. What are the most basic units of genetic information? genes 24. What does heterozygous mean? Different pair of alleles 25. What kind of peas did Mendel use? green garden peas 26. Where do find plasmids in bacteria 27. What is difference between introns and exons Introns do not leave the nucleus (“IN” nucleus), exons ‘ex’it the nucleus 28. What is a plasmid? X 29. What is insulin used for, and how is it massed produced? Treat diabetes, in genetically modified bacteria grown in a tank 30. State the central dogma Dna -transcribed – Rna- translated- proteins 31. What is recombinant DNA? DNA that has been recombined from two different organisms Snails 7 Zebra 6 32. How many amino acids are there? 20 33. Define transcription Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA molecule 34. How many letters are in a codon? 3 35. What “cellular machine” makes protein? ribosomes 36. When do you see the dominant form of a trait? Whenever its present in the genotype 37. What are the monomers of nucleic acids? nucleotides 38. What is the relationship between the two strands of DNA? complimentarity 39. What direction does DNA replication occur in? 5’ 3’ (5 prime 3 prime) 40. Who are Watson and Crick? accredited with the discovery of the structure of DNA 41. What is a dihybrid cross? Genetic test looking at two traits simultaneously 42. Define codominance No recessive allele and a hybrid expresses a third phenotype Snails 7 Zebra 6 43. Define multiple alleles when there are more than 2 44. What arthropod has been a staple for genetic research? Fruit flies 45. Define an X-linked trait on the x chromosome 46. State Mendel’s principle of segregation Alleles from homologous chromosomal pairs separate from each other during Meiosis 47. Know how to do punnett squares 48. Know how to read the chart on page 624 49. Know how to read a pedigree