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Review questions for ch. 8 test “Continuity through Genetics”
Directions: answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Who is the father of modern genetics?
Mendel
2. What term is used to express the first filial generation?
F1 generation
3. When is the recessive form of a trait observed in the phenotype?
When it’s the only allele in the genotype
4. What are multiple forms of the same gene called?
alleles
5. What is the phenotype dependant on?
the genotype
6. What phenotypic ratio is observed if two heterozygous codominant individuals
mated?
1:2:1 ratio
7. Why are blood type alleles expressed as IA?
Because there are more than two alleles
8. In a dihybrid cross, if both individuals are heterozygous for both traits, what ratio
is seen in the phenotype?
9:3:3:1
9. What is a karyotype?
a picture of the complete diploid set of chromosomes, arranged by size
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10. What are the complimentary pairs of nucleotides in DNA?
T-A… C-G
11. What is the cause of Down’s syndrome?
An extra chromosome (#21)
12. What does uracil replace in RNA?
thiamine
13. What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
14. Both RNA and DNA have a sugar with this many carbons…
5 carbons
15. What enzyme separates DNA during replication or transcription?
helicase
16. What is the complement to a codon?
anticodon
17. What is a ribosome composed of?
rRNA
18. Before they become proteins, how many conformations (changes in shape) do
polypeptides go through on average?
4
19. What is the goal of the human genome project?
Find a complete sequence of DNA for humans
20. List some organisms that genetic technology has “enhanced”.
Fruits/vegetables (corn, strawberries, bananas, wheat)
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21. What kind of ends are possible with the use of restriction enzymes?
Sticky ends and blunt ends
22. What is the end result of the central dogma?
proteins
23. What are the most basic units of genetic information?
genes
24. What does heterozygous mean?
Different pair of alleles
25. What kind of peas did Mendel use?
green garden peas
26. Where do find plasmids
in bacteria
27. What is difference between introns and exons
Introns do not leave the nucleus (“IN” nucleus), exons ‘ex’it the nucleus
28. What is a plasmid?
X
29. What is insulin used for, and how is it massed produced?
Treat diabetes, in genetically modified bacteria grown in a tank
30. State the central dogma
Dna -transcribed – Rna- translated- proteins
31. What is recombinant DNA?
DNA that has been recombined from two different organisms
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32. How many amino acids are there?
20
33. Define transcription
Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA molecule
34. How many letters are in a codon?
3
35. What “cellular machine” makes protein?
ribosomes
36. When do you see the dominant form of a trait?
Whenever its present in the genotype
37. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
38. What is the relationship between the two strands of DNA?
complimentarity
39. What direction does DNA replication occur in?
5’ 3’ (5 prime 3 prime)
40. Who are Watson and Crick?
accredited with the discovery of the structure of DNA
41. What is a dihybrid cross?
Genetic test looking at two traits simultaneously
42. Define codominance
No recessive allele and a hybrid expresses a third phenotype
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43. Define multiple alleles
when there are more than 2
44. What arthropod has been a staple for genetic research?
Fruit flies
45. Define an X-linked trait
on the x chromosome
46. State Mendel’s principle of segregation
Alleles from homologous chromosomal pairs separate from each other during
Meiosis
47. Know how to do punnett squares
48. Know how to read the chart on page 624
49. Know how to read a pedigree