Download How Drugs

Objective
0Explore the effects of drugs
and alcohol on consciousness
0Identify major drug categories
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical
substance that alters perceptions and
mood (affects consciousness).
Psychopharmacology: Study of
psychoactive drugs and their effects
on behavior and mental processes.
3
How Drugs “Work”
0Alter interaction between
neurotransmitters & receptors
0Others increase or decrease release of
specific neurotransmitters
0Cross the blood-brain barrier & enter
brain tissues.
Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a
psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated
exposure to a drug,
the drug’s effect
lessens. Thus it takes
greater quantities to
get the desired effect.
5
Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to
a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
2. Addiction is a craving for a chemical
substance, despite its adverse consequences
(physical & psychological).
3. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug
(after addiction), users may experience the
undesirable effects of withdrawal.
6
Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
7
Why Risk Addiction?
0 Curiosity
0 Peer Pressure
0 Parental Use
0 Rebelliousness
0 Escape
0 Self-Handicapping
0 Scapegoat
Risking Addiction
Risk for addiction depends on lots of things:
0 Personality
0 Genetic makeup
0 Family history
0 Coping skills
0 Drug of choice
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into four
groups.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Depressants
Opiates (Narcotics)
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
10
STIMULANTS
Increase activity in body and nervous system
Decrease activity in body and nervous system
DEPRESSANTS
CATEGORIES OF DRUG USE
0EXPERIMENTAL:
0SOCIAL-RECREATIONAL:
0SITUATIONAL:
0INTENSIVE:
0COMPULSIVE:
Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce
neural activity and slow body functions.
They include:
1. Alcohol
2. Barbiturates/Tranquilizers
3. Opiates
13
Depressants
0Act on the CNS causing relaxation,
sedation, loss of consciousness, death
0Strong potential for abuse
0Includes:
0 Alcohol
0 Barbiturates
0 Anti-anxiety drugs like Valium
0 Opiates
14
Alcohol
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness
while reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving
18
Alcohol Facts
0 How many drinks does it
take to bring your BAC to
a particular level in one
hour.
1. Locate body weight.
2. From left to right, each
square represents 1
drink.
3. First dark line indicates
a BAC = .04
(impairment).
4. Second dark line to the
right indicates a BAC =
.10 (legal intoxication in
some states)
Alcohol
Drunk drivers are
responsible for
almost half of all
highway-related
fatalities
Barbiturates & Tranquilizers
0Barbiturates: depress CNS activity,
reducing anxiety but impairing memory and
judgment.
0 Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal
0Tranquilizers: lower anxiety, reduce
tension
0 Valium, Xanax, Librium, Rohypnol
0 Strong addictive potential
0 Drug interactions with alcohol
21
Depressants
0Opiates: Opium and its
derivatives depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety.
0 Morphine and heroin
0Opioids: synthetic opiates
0Used medically to relieve pain
0Highly addictive
http://opioids.com/timeline
0 Oxycontin, oxycodone
22
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural
activity and speed up body functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
23
Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic
functions to provide energy.
http://office.microsoft.com/clipart
http://www.tech-res-intl.com
24
5 Hour
Energy
Monster
Energy
Red Bull
Rockstar
Energy
Caffeine
215 mg
160 mg
160 mg
160 mg
Taurine
N/A
1,ooo mg
N/A
1,000 mg
Vitamin B12
8,333%
100%
80%
100%
Carnitine
N/A
N/A
N/A
25 mg.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity,
causing accelerated body functions and
associated energy and mood.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
27
Ecstasy
Ecstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Greg Smith/ AP Photos
(MDMA) is a stimulant and
mild hallucinogen. It produces
a euphoric high and can
damage serotonin-producing
neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood
and impairment of memory.
28
Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria
followed by a crash. Crack, a form of
cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of
cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
http://www.ohsinc.com
29
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are
Ronald K. Siegel
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs
that distort
perceptions and
evoke sensory
images in the
absence of sensory
input.
30
Hallucinogens
Hemp Plant
http://static.howstuffworks.com
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)
powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot
fungus) that is also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is
the major active ingredient in marijuana
(hemp plant) that triggers a variety of
effects, including mild hallucinations.
31