Download 1 - gcisd

TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION/MUTATION TEST REVIEW
1. KNOW THE PARTS OF DNA:
a. What makes up the “backbone” of the DNA Sugar(Deoxyribose)-Phosphate
Group)
b. Know the 5 nitrogenous bases including the one for RNA Adenine, Thymine,
Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
2. UNDERSTAND THE IN’S AND OUT’S OF DNA TRANSCRIPTION
a. You need to understand the steps of Initiation, Elongation, and Termination In
initiation, RNA polymerase bonds with promoter region of DNA, during
elongation, the single strand of mRNA gets LONGER as the RNA
polymerase reads the DNA, once a “stop” codon is reached the RNA
polymerase falls off and the mRNA is released to travel outside of the
nucleus
b. You need to know the molecules that are involved with Transcription DNA,
mRNA, RNA polymerase
c. Know where it happens Nucleus
d. Understand the products that result from Transcription mRNA
e. Understand what happens to the DNA molecule as it is transcribed Unwound
and rewound by RNA polymerase
3. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CODONS
a. What they are made up of? Sequence of 3 nucleotides
b. What do they code for? Amino Acids
c. How they code for the thing they code for? The genetic code (look on page
211)
4. KNOW ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF NON-DISJUNCTION
a. What is it? Chromosomes not separating properly mainly during
anaphase
b. In what process is it most likely to occur? Anaphase of meiosis
c. What the result can be in terms of birth defects. Down Syndrome (Trisomy
21)
5. KNOW WHEN AND WHERE MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR
a. If we are talking about a cell what type of processes could lead to a mutation
6. THE CONCEPT OF A GENE
a. Find the definition and then apply it to a real-life scenario A gene is a section
of DNA that codes for a particular trait (Ex: Eye color, bone structure,
etc.)
7. KNOW HOW TO READ THE GENETIC CODE
a. Know which codons (mRNA) code for which particular types of amino acids
b. Be able to match abbreviations of amino acids to their full name
8. UNDERSTAND THAT DNA MAKES PROTEINS AND MUTATIONS MESS
THIS PROCESS UP
a. Understand that mutations are random and odds are they are destructive
b. Genetic disorders are a result of mutations…some in which can be inherited
c. Know the difference between a genetic disorder and a chromosomal disorder
A genetic order is a mutation that gets passed down through a person
parent’s, it’s something you inherit. A chromosomal disorder is a
structural malfunction of a chromosome.
TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION/MUTATION TEST REVIEW
d. Know a few examples of genetic disorders Tay-Sach’s, Sickle-Cell Anemia,
Huntington’s disease, Albinism, Hemophilia
9. HOW A GENOTYPE LEADS TO A PHENOTYPE
a. Find the definition of both and then explain how they are related to each other
10. KNOW ABOUT MRNA’S ROLE IN REPRODUCTION
a. Where is it generated or made? The nucleus
b. Where does it go after it is made? The cytoplasm
c. What is its main job? To make a copy of DNA’s code to build proteins
d. How does its structure differ from DNA? It’s single stranded and it uses
uracil rather than thymine as a nitrogen base
11. KNOW ABOUT RIBOSOME STRUCTURE AND FORM
a. What do ribosomes make? Proteins
b. What type of RNA works in conjunction with ribosomes? tRNA
c. What is the process called that involves ribosomes? Translation
12. KNOW WHERE BOTH DNA TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION
OCCURS
a. Where in the cell do they happen? Cytoplasm and nucleus
b. What is the purpose of both of the processes? To make proteins
c. What are the names of the molecules involved with translation? Ribosomes,
tRNA, amino acids, proteins, mRNA