Download Chapter 7 – Exam style questions Q1. Bk Ch7 Exam MQ1 Which of

Chapter 7 – Exam style questions
Q1.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ1
Which of the following is the best definition of disease?
A Disease is any condition that impairs the functioning of the body.
B Disease is a condition caused by an infectious or non-infectious factor.
C Disease is the result of infection by microscopic or macroscopic organisms.
D Disease is an interaction between a host, a pathogen and the environment.
A1.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA1
A. This defines disease. Not all conditions caused by non-infectious factors would be described as
diseases. Options C and D provide only a narrow definition, leaving out non-infectious factors.
Q2.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ2
What happens when potential hosts are exposed to a pathogen?
A They usually become ill.
B They will become ill if they are already weakened by a pre-existing condition.
C They will produce toxins to fight the pathogen.
D The result depends on the interaction between the host, the pathogen and the environment.
A2.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA2
D. Exposure to a pathogen does not always result in illness or disease. This depends on the interactions
of the factors listed.
Q3.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ3
Which of the following statements describes how cleanliness and good hygiene practices assist in
disease control?
A They destroy pathogens.
B They dilute the concentration of the infective dose.
C They isolate pathogens.
D They limit the spread of pathogens.
A3.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA3
D. Cleanliness and good hygiene do not isolate or destroy pathogens but they are effective in limiting
their spread.
Q4.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ4
Which of the following is a list of the causes of infectious diseases of plants and animals?
A prions, viruses or environmental factors
B nutrient deficiency, bacteria or fungi
C prions, viruses, bacteria or fungi
D protozoans, bacteria or radiation.
A4.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA4
C. This option is the only one that does not include non-infectious factors.
Q5.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ5
Ch 7 Exam questions
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Which of the following statements applies to the way the skin provides protection from the entry of
pathogens?
A Secretion from sebaceous glands inhibits the growth of micro-organisms.
B The salt in sweat kills micro-organisms.
C The blood clotting mechanism quickly heals broken skin.
D The skin forms a waterproof layer.
A5.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA5
A. Sebaceous glands in the skin produce a chemical that inhibits the growth of some micro-organisms.
Q6.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ6
Which of the following is a correct statement about inflammation at the site of infection by a pathogen?
A There is painful swelling and reddening of the affected area because red blood cells are able to
‘leak out’ of dilated blood vessels.
B Inflammation is an indication that the body is unable to manage the infection.
C Inflammation is an important non-specific defence mechanism that results in the dilation of blood
vessels so that white blood cells can ‘leak out’ and destroy the pathogen.
D The body must be treated with an antihistamine to reduce the inflammation.
A6.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA6
C. Inflammation is a non-specific defence mechanism. Red blood cells do not leak out of dilated blood
vessels. Inflammation does not usually require treatment with antihistamines—this may be necessary
only in extreme cases, for example when breathing may be affected.
Q7.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ7
Vaccination involves injection of substances to induce immunity to a disease. What are the
characteristics of these substances?
A They always produce mild symptoms of the disease.
B They are themselves antibodies or they stimulate antibody production.
C They confer immunity for life.
D They are prepared from dead microorganisms.
A7.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA7
B. Vaccination involves the injection of antibodies or antigens that stimulate antibody production.
Symptoms of the disease in question occur sometimes but not always. Immunity is not necessarily
conferred for life. Vaccinations are prepared in different ways, sometimes using dead micro-organisms,
but sometimes live strains.
Q8.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ8
What are the main outcomes of the immune response to infection?
A
B
C
D
B lymphocytes produce specific antibodies and T cells produce specific chemicals that destroy the
antigens.
Specific antigens engulf and destroy the invading pathogens.
Fevers and sleep are induced, enabling the body can heal itself.
B and T memory cells remain in the body for the rest of the person’s life.
A8.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA8
A. The presence of antigens stimulates the immune response, prompting the B lymphocytes to produce
specific antibodies and the T cells to produce the chemicals that destroy the antigens.
Ch 7 Exam questions
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Q9.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ9
Why are public health programs important?
A They control the spread of certain infectious diseases.
B They prevent the incidence of certain environmentally induced diseases.
C They inform the public of some diseases related to lifestyle.
D all of the above
A9.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA9
D. Answers A, B and C are all correct.
Q10.
Bk Ch7 Exam MQ10
Which of the following is a correct statement about Australia’s quarantine procedures?
A They ensure that native plants and animals as well as the agricultural industry are completely
protected against diseases from other countries.
B They prohibit the entry of plants, animals, soils or foodstuffs that might carry exotic diseases.
C They require irradiation of all plant and animal imports to kill potential pathogens.
D They include an isolation period for all imported animals but not for imported plants.
A10.
Bk Ch7 Exam MA10
B. Quarantine regulations prohibit the entry of plants, animals, soils and foodstuffs that potentially
carry exotic diseases. These regulations cannot give an absolute guarantee of protection. Options C and
D do not represent quarantine regulations.
Short answer questions
Q1.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ1
a
b
Distinguish between non-infectious and infectious diseases.
Name two non-infectious diseases and two infectious diseases that you have studied in this
course.
A1.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA1
a
b
Infectious diseases are caused by living organisms whereas non-infectious diseases are caused by
non-living agents such as environmental factors.
Non-infectious diseases: scurvy, Down syndrome; infectious diseases: malaria, ringworm.
Q2.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ2
Describe three rules of hygiene related to food handling and storage that are important in preventing
contamination by disease-causing organisms.
A2.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA2
Wash hands before handling or preparing foods; store perishable foodstuffs in the refrigerator; do not
cough or sneeze on foods.
Q3.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ3
a
b
Describe how Louis Pasteur tested his theory that disease-causing microbes were carried in the
air.
Outline the results of his experiment.
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c
Was his hypothesis supported by his results?
A3.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA3
a
b
c
Louis Pasteur set up an experiment using flasks with S-shaped necks to test his theory that
disease-causing microbes were carried in the air. He poured some broth into two flasks and then
fitted each flask with an S-shaped neck so that no airborne microbes could fall into the flasks. The
flasks were then boiled to kill any microbes already present in the preparations. Following this the
neck from one flask was removed so that air could be admitted but the other flask was left with its
neck intact.
After a time Pasteur observed that the broth in the open flask had spoilt while the flask with the Sshaped neck still in place remained free of bacterial growth.
The results of Pasteur’s experiment supported his hypothesis. Only the flask open to the air
showed bacterial contamination.
Q4.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ4
a
b
Explain what is meant by a non-specific defence mechanism in the human body.
Name two non-specific defence mechanisms, and describe their role.
A4.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA4
a
b
Non-specific defence mechanisms are general defences the body employs to prevent the entry of
pathogens or to attack them upon entry. Pathogens are treated collectively as foreign rather than
there being a strategy to target a particular kind of pathogen.
The skin is a non-specific defence mechanism. It is a continuous physical barrier that covers the
body and prevents entry of pathogens.
Inflammation is a non-specific response to pathogenic infection. During inflammation blood
circulation to the affected location is increased and blood vessels dilate, allowing white blood
cells to leak out and destroy the pathogen.
Q5.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ5
Malaria is a serious disease world wide. It is caused by a parasitic protozoan that invades the red blood
cells of a mammalian host.
a
b
c
Name the vector that transmits this disease and explain how transmission occurs.
.Describe the role played by Ronald Ross in the historical development of our understanding of
malaria.
Name two ways the spread of malaria can be prevented.
A5.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA5
a
b
c
The Anopheles mosquito.
Anopheles mosquito populations increase during the summer when weather is warmer. A larger
mosquito population increases the number of vectors for this disease, therefore increasing the
incidence of the disease.
Strategies to avoid Ross River fever for residents and visitors in high risk areas: Ensure skin is
covered and that any exposed areas of skin are thoroughly treated with mosquito repellant; remain
indoors during the early part of the evening when mosquitoes are most active.
Q6.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ6
An experiment was set up to test the effect of an antibiotic on a disease-causing bacterium. Two
nutrient agar plates were made ready with a suitable medium for growth of the bacterium and then
sterilised. Both plates were then exposed to the spores of the bacterium. Plate S was then sealed. Plate
T was treated with five drops of a particular antibiotic and then sealed. Both plates were incubated for
48 hours at a temperature of 37°C. The diagram illustrates the experimental results.
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a
b
c
Why was it important to sterilise the nutrient agar plates at the start of the experiment?
Write a hypothesis that was being tested in this experiment.
Was the hypothesis supported by the results? Explain.
A6.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA6
a
b
c
It was important to ensure that bacterial growth was due to exposure to the bacterial spores used
in the experiment and not from any other source, for example already present in the nutrient agar.
Hypothesis: An antibiotic is a substance that deters the growth of bacteria.
Yes, the hypothesis was supported. Bacterial spores that had been treated with the antibiotic failed
to develop, whereas bacteria that had no antibiotic exposure grew.
Q7.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ7
Consider two families with differing views about the merits of immunisation programs. Child X in one
family is routinely vaccinated against all of the preventable childhood diseases. Child Y in the second
family is not vaccinated at all. Child Y contracts whooping cough and is hospitalised with dangerous
complications of the disease, but eventually recovers. Both children develop an immunity against
whooping cough.
a
Explain the role of T cells, B cells and antibodies in the immune response that allows both
children to develop immunity against whooping cough.
b
Outline the difference between active immunisation and passive immunity.
c
Considering that both children develop an immunity to whooping cough, explain why it is
advisable that children be vaccinated.
d
Child X and child Y could come into contact with whooping cough again, but because they are
immune they will not develop the disease. Explain why this is so. Name the particular cells
responsible for this, and describe their role.
A7.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA7
a
b
c
d
When whooping cough antigens enter the body they are recognised as foreign. B cells clone
themselves, then differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells produce
antibodies which bind to the antigens of the whooping cough bacteria thereby inactivating them.
The antigen–antibody complex that is formed is then ingested by phagocytes. Memory B cells
retain a ‘memory’ of the antigen so that a more rapid and effective response can be launched upon
subsequent exposure. T cells are lymphocytes that are involved in the cell-mediated response.
Some T cells bind to foreign antigens and destroy them; others stimulate B cells and
macrophages.
Active immunity occurs when the body has had exposure to a particular antigen and produces
antibodies against it. Passive immunity means that immunity is conferred by means of the
injection of antibodies—the body has not had a role in producing these. Active immunity usually
provides a much longer term protection against a disease than does passive immunity.
Whooping cough is a potentially serious disease that can be fatal. This can be avoided by
vaccinating children against the disease.
Once the body has been exposed to the antigens of a pathogen, antibodies are made against the
disease and memory B cells retain a ‘memory’ of the antigen so that antibodies can be produced
more rapidly; this means that a more effective attack on the pathogen can occur during a future
exposure.
Ch 7 Exam questions
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Q8.
Bk Ch7 Exam SQ8
Epidemiological studies indicate a relationship between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer.
Study the following graph, which illustrates the incidence and mortality for lung cancer in Australian in
recent years.
a
b
c
Compare the incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer between males and females.
In general, how does the incidence of lung cancer compare with the death rate?
Explain how public health programs can be useful in preventing the incidence of this disease.
A17.
Bk Ch7 Exam SA8
a
b
c
The graph shows that both the incidence and mortality rate in males is declining, whereas both the
incidence and mortality rate in females is still rising. However both the incidence and mortality
rate in males is higher than in females.
The death rate is lower than the incidence rate in lung cancer in both males and females. In both,
the incidence and death rates follow each other.
Public health programs are important ways of educating the public about the causes of lung
cancer and how the disease can be avoided. When public awareness is raised about the cause of a
particular disease, lifestyle changes can be effected. In this case public health programs should be
aimed at reducing the smoking rate in general and the numbers of young people taking up
smoking in particular.
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