Download Topics for class test #4 1. Lower respiratory tract infections: a) name

Topics for class test #4
1. Lower respiratory tract infections:
a) name etiologic agents (bacterial and viral) of bronchiolitis, bronchitis - give examples of treatment options
for these diseases
b) develop abbreviations: CAP, HAP, VAP, AP
c) name etiologic agents (most common – bacterial viral, fungal) of CAP, HAP, VAP, AP
d) give definition of HAP
e) name pathogens causing atypical pneumonia
f) treatment options of community acquired and hospital acquired respiratory tract infections
g) Legionella pneumophila – diseases it causes, treatment, transmission, reservoir
h) Chlamydophila pneumoniae and psittaci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis – diseases,
transmission, treatment, reservoirs
i) diagnosis: patient’s samples, transport (if there are any specific requirements), culture, rapid tests
j) common complications associated with RTI
2. Urinary tract infections:
a) normal flora of human urethra and factors protecting from UTI
b) name etiologic agents of urethritis (gonococcal and non-gonococcal), cystitis, nephritis, prostatitis –
treatment options (groups of antimicrobials active against etiologic agents, resistance mechanisms that may
occur), how to diagnose (patient’s specimens, transport, diagnosis)
c) what is the difference between relapse and reinfection?
d) explain terms: bacteriuria, pyuria, sterile pyuria
e) catheter-associated UTI – etiology, treatment, diagnosis
f) urosepsis – etiology, diagnosis, treatment
g) virulence factors predisposing most common pathogens to cause UTI
h) rare pathogens of UTI (Corynebacterium urealyticum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, fungi)
i) dipstick tests in UTI
j) prevention of UTI
k) risk factors and groups of risk for UTI
l) host factors in protection from UTI
3. Wounds and soft tissue infections:
a) name etiologic agents and diseases of: hair follicles, subcutaneous glands, epidermis, dermis and
subcutaneous fat, fascia and muscles – how to treat these infections (groups of antimicrobials active against
etiologic agents, resistance mechanisms that may occur, differentiate topic and systemic treatment), how to
diagnose (patient’s specimens, transport, diagnosis)
b) name etiologic agents of burn wounds – how to treat these infections, how to diagnose
c) differentiate wound colonization, wound infection and invasive infection – give examples of microorganisms
associated (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
d) name etiologic agents of soft tissue infections due to dogs and cats bite – how to treat these infections, how
to diagnose
e) name etiologic agents of necrotizing soft tissue infections: clostridial and non-clostridial – how to treat these
infections, how to diagnose
f) name virulence factors facilitating wounds and soft tissue infections of most common pathogens associated
with these infections i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
g) normal skin flora of humans and factors protecting from skin infections
h) name most common complications associated with wounds and soft tissue infections.
4. Gastrointestinal tract infections:
a) natural flora of intestines
b) food poisoning, secretory/watery diarrhea, non-invasive enteritis/colitis, invasive enteritis/colitis –
etiology, treatment (if any), diagnosis
c) name invasive intestinal pathogens
d) give examples of pathogens producing enterotoxins
e) give examples of pathogens associated with food poisoning – name toxins
f) difference between enterotoxins and cytotoxins
g) salmonellosis vs. enteric fever
h) main enterotoxins and their producers and main cytotoxins, and their producers involved in the GITI
i) viruses and fungi responsible for GITI
5. Central nervous and blood infections:
a) routes of spreading the infectious agents to CNS
b) name etiologic agents and characteristics of CSF in acute/purulent, aseptic meningitis and chronic
meningoencephalitis
c) encephalitis/meningoencephalitis and brain abscesses – etiology, treatment and diagnosis
d) name most common agents of neonatal meningitis, meningitis in children and adults and in
immunosupressed individuals
e) most important virulence factors of pathogens causing CNSI
f) complication of CNS infections
g) groups of antimicrobials used to treat CNS infections
h) diagnosis of CNS infections – patient’s specimens, transport, diagnosis , rapid assays
i) specific prophylaxis in CNSI (vaccines)
j) alert pathogens causing nosocomial blood infections – name them and explain why they are alert pathogens
k) primary and secondary septic infections – etiology, diagnosis and treatment
l) septic infections in neonates
m) extra-vascular blood infections – most common pathogens
n) patomechanism of septic shock – MODS, ARDS, SIRS, DIC
o) explain and characterize terms: bacteremia – transient, continues, intermittent, sepsis, septic shock
p) give examples of infectious diseases with the presence of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) in the
blood
r) infective endocarditis – etiology, diagnosis, treatment
s) intravenous-catheter-related infections (CRI) – etiology, diagnosis, treatment
Etiologic agents: most common
Treatment: groups of antimicrobials with examples of representative antibiotics, mechanisms of resistance to
the group of antimicrobials and how to treat resistant bacteria
Diagnosis: patient’s specimens, their transport to the lab, culture/identification or not, rapid tests