Download Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary System Comaprisons

Name
Class
Date
32.1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
1. Complete the concept map that summarizes the parts of the human skeleton.
The Human
Skeleton
is divided into
which contains
which contains
Skull
Arms/legs
For Questions 2–3, refer to the Visual Analogy comparing the skeleton to the wooden
frame of a house.
2. VISUAL ANALOGY What would happen to a house if its
upright beams were not strong and sturdy? Compare that to
what would happen in the human body if upright bones were
not strong and sturdy.
501
Name
Class
Date
3. Suggest another possible analogy for the structure and function of the skeleton.
4. List five functions of the skeletal system.
Joints
The place where two or more bones meet is a joint. There are three major types of joints:
immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. The four most common types of freely
movable joints are ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints. These
freely movable joints are named for how they work.
Use the words in the box to fill in the table. One has been done for you.
ball-and-socket
hinge
Joint Type
immovable
pivot
saddle
slightly movable
immovable
Kind of Movement
Example
none
joints between bones in the skull
restricted
joints between the two bones of the
lower legs
one bone sliding in two
directions
joints connecting the thumb to the
palm
back-and-forth motion
joints in the knees
one bone rotating around
another
joints in the elbows
movement in many directions
joints in the shoulders
Use the table to answer the questions. Circle the correct answer.
1. Which type of joint allows the least movement?
hinge
immovable
2. Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement?
ball-and-socket
hinge
slightly movable
saddle
28.2 Types of Skeletons
1. What are the three main kinds of skeletal systems?
2. What does a cnidarian’s hydrostatic skeleton consist of?
3. What is chitin?
4. Which invertebrates have endoskeletons?
Match the organism with its skeleton. A skeleton type may be used more than once.
Organism
Skeleton Type
5. cow
A. hydrostatic skeleton
6. grasshopper
B. exoskeleton
7. jellyfish
C. endoskeleton
8. hawk
9. sea star
10. crab
11. earthworm
12. ant
13. dog
For Questions 14–16, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
14. What is the process by which an arthropod breaks out of an exoskeleton it has
outgrown?
A. molting
C. shedding
B. excreting
D. metamorphosing
15. The pieces of an exoskeleton move against each other along
A. chitin.
C. tendons.
B. joints.
D. cavities.
16. What type of structure connects one bone to another in a vertebrate skeleton?
A. a muscle
C. a ligament
B. a tendon
D. a tube foot
32.2 The Muscular System
Complete the table that compares and contrasts the three types of muscle tissue.
Types of Muscle Tissue
Type of Muscle
Striated/Not Striated
Type of Control
Striated
Involuntary
Cardiac
Complete the linear concept maps as you read about types of muscle tissue. Some parts
have been done for you.
Actin
fill
Muscle fibers
make up
and
are connected to
muscle fibers.
bone
by
myofibrils.
Inquiry Into Scientific Thinking
What Do Tendons Do? Tendons are a vital part of the muscular system. They are one
link in a chain that makes motion possible. You can think of a chain of events as several
cause-and-effect pairs. Each effect becomes the cause of the next pair.
Complete the chart below to show the cause-and-effect pairs that result in motion.
Cause
Thick and thin filaments slide
past each other.
Effect
Muscle fibers shorten.
Muscle contracts.
Muscle contracts.
Tendon pulls on bone.
Tendon pulls on bone.
Analyze and Conclude
1. How are the events in the chart related?
2. What would happen to our ability to move if we did not have tendons?
3. How would this chart change if we wanted to show relaxation?
28.2
20. Complete the Venn diagram comparing arthropod movement with vertebrate movement.
Arthropod
Movement
Both
Vertebrate
Movement
For Questions 21–27, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
21. Specialized tissues that produce physical force by contracting, or getting shorter, when
they are stimulated are called
.
22. When they are not being stimulated, muscles
23. In many animals, muscles work in
.
on opposites sides of a joint.
24. Muscles are attached to bones around the joints by tough connective tissue called
25. When muscles contract, tendons pull on
26. Arthropod muscles are attached to the inside of the
.
.
27. Paleontologists can reconstruct how an extinct mammal moved by looking at the shape of
its
.
Apply the Big idea
28. Hypothesize how a bird’s skeleton might be different from reptile and mammal skeletons
in order to help the bird fly.
.
Integumentary System Functions
The largest organ in your body is your skin. Your skin has several functions that help you stay
healthy.
Use the clues to help you complete the word web with the phrases in the box. Write your
answers in the circles.
body temperature regulation
protection
excretion
vitamin D production
information gathering
1. Your skin blocks out radiation from the sun. It is a barrier against infection and injury.
2. Your skin keeps in just enough heat. It releases excess heat from your body.
3. Sweat glands in your skin release waste products.
4. Your skin senses pressure, heat, cold, and pain.
5. Your skin uses sunlight to help make an important vitamin.
1.
5.
2.
Skin
Functions
4.
3.
502
Name
Class
Date
Integumentary System Structures
Epidermis and Dermis Human skin has three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and
hypodermis. The epidermis is the outer layer. The dermis is the middle layer. It contains
blood vessels, nerve endings, muscles, hair follicles, and other structures. The hypodermis is a
layer of fat and connective tissue. The diagram below shows the structures and layers.
Follow the directions.
1. Color the epidermis red.
2. Color the dermis orange.
3. Color the hypodermis yellow.
Use the diagram to help answer the questions. Circle the correct answer.
4. In which layer are sweat glands found?
dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
5. Which layer provides a tough, flexible covering for the body?
dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
6. Which layer of skin do you usually see?
dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
7. Which layer helps insulate the body?
dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
Other Integumentary System Adaptations
Feathers –
1. What types of organisms have feathers?
2. What different functions do you think feathers provide to these
organisms?
3. Some organisms that have feathers spend large amounts of time in the
water. Based on what you saw in Chapter 32.3, what has to be
different about these feathers to make them waterproof?
Scales –
1. What types of organisms have scales?
2. What different functions do you think scales provide to these
organisms?
3. Look at the cladogram on page 758. Using the idea of parsimony,
where do you think scales were gained or lost by the different groups of
organisms? (You can describe more than one spot)