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Chapter 18: Glossary
Musculoskeletal System
Acromegaly Acromegaly is a skeletal abnormality that results in an enlarged skull, jaw
protrusion, and enlarged hands, feet, and long bones.
Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs, pelvis, scapula, and
clavicle.
Atrophy Atrophy is a reduction in muscle size and shape.
Axial skeleton The axial skeleton includes the facial bones, skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone,
ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
Bouchard's node Bouchard's nodes, which present as enlargements of the proximal
interphalangeal joints, are found in individuals with osteoarthritis.
Bursae Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce the friction between two surfaces.
Diaphysis The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone.
Dislocation A dislocation is the complete dislodgement of a bone out of the joint cavity.
Epiphysis Epiphyses are the ends of the long bones.
Genu valgum Genu valgum describes an inward deviation toward the midline at the level of the
knees, also known as knock-knees.
Genu varum Genu varum describes an outward deviation away from the midline at the level of
the knees, also known as bow legs.
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Goniometer A goniometer is a device that measures the angle of a skeletal joint during range of
motion.
Heberden's node Heberden's nodes, which present as enlargements of the distal interphalangeal
joints of the fingers, are associated with osteoarthritis.
Hemiparesis Hemiparesis is muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, which is a
common finding in cerebrovascular accidents, brain tumors, and head trauma.
Hypertrophy Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size and shape due to an increase in muscle
fibers.
Hypotonicity Hypotonicity is flaccidity or decreased muscle tone.
Joints Joints hold the bones firmly together but permit some movement. There are three types of
joints: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.
Kyphosis Kyphosis is an abnormal, excessive convexity of the thoracic spine.
Ligaments A ligament is the strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to bones at the
joint level.
Lordosis Lordosis is an abnormal, excessive concavity of the lumbar spine.
Medullary cavity The medullary cavity, located inside the diaphysis, contains the bone marrow.
Polydactyly Polydactyly is a congenital disorder that results in the presence of an additional digit.
Scoliosis Scolosis is a lateral curvature from the thoracic to the lumbar vertebrae.
Copyright © 2010 by Delmar, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Spasticity Spasticity describes an increase in muscle tension commonly associated with forced
stretching of the muscle, flexion, or extension.
Subluxation Subluxation is the partial dislodgement of a bone out of the joint cavity.
Syndactyly Syndactyly is a congenital webbing of fingers or toes.
Synovial effusion A synovial effusion occurs when the synovial joint contains excessive fluid
(greater than 3 mL).
Tendons Tendons attach muscles to bones.
Copyright © 2010 by Delmar, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.