Download el combustible fuel el efecto effect el medio ambiente environment el

Nombre: ___________________Unidad 2 Etapa 2, Un Planeta en Peligro: Vocabulario Nuevo
A. El Medio Ambiente (The Environment)
el combustible………………………………………………………… fuel
el efecto………………………………………………………… effect
el medio ambiente ……………….……………………… environment
el planeta………………………………….……………… planet
la población…………………………………………… population
por todas partes…………………………..……… everywhere
los recursos naturales ………………………………… natural resources
la tierra ………………………………………………………… land
B. Los Problemas
el aerosol………………………………………..……… aerosol
la capa de ozono ……………………..……………… ozone layer
complicado(a) ………………………..…………… complicated
la contaminación del aire………………..………………… air pollution
el contaminante ………………………………………………………… pollutant
dañano(a) ………………………………………………………… damaging
el derrame de petróleo……………………………………… oil spill
el desperdicio………………………………………………………… waste
la destrucción………………………………………………………… destruction
echar………………………………………………………… to throw away
inútil………………………………………………………… useless
¡Qué lío! ………………………………………………………… What a mess!
el químico………………………………………………………… chemical
el smog………………………………………………………… smog
C. Las Soluciones
¡A todos nos toca! ………………………………… It's up to all of us! /It’s our turn!
la botella ………………………………………………………… bottle
la caja……………………………………………………………… box
el cartón………………………………………………………… cardboard
desarrollar ………………………………………………………… to develop
descubrir………………………………………………………… to discover
increíble ………………………………………………………… incredible
instituir ………………………………………………………… to institute
la lata………………………………………………………… can (tin can)
el permiso ………………………………………………………… permission
el plástico………………………………………………………… plastic
el programa de reciclaje ………………………………… recycling program
prohibir ………………………………………………………… to prohibit
proteger ………………………………………………………… to protect
reducir………………………………………………………… to reduce
respetar………………………………………………………… to respect
separar………………………………………………………… to separate
el vidrio ………………………………………………………… glass
las zonas de reserva ecológica…………………… conservation land
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D. La Naturaleza
la altura………………………………………………………… height, altitude
el bosque………………………………………………………… forest
el cielo………………………………………………………… sky
el clima ………………………………………………………… climate
la colina ………………………………………………………… hill
diverso(a) ………………………………………………………… diverse
el ecosistema………………………………………………………… ecosystem
las especies………………………………………………………… species
la fauna silvestre………………………………………………………… wild life
la flora silvestre ……………………………………………… wild plant life
la naturaleza………………………………………………………… nature
la piedra ………………………………………………………… rock, stone
la selva………………………………………………………… jungle
la sequía ………………………………………………………… drought
el valle………………………………………………………… valley
E. Expresiones impersonales que necesitan el subjuntivo
es bueno que………………………………………… it's good that
es importante que……………………………………… it's important that
el lógico que………………………………………… it's logical that
es malo que……………………………………… it's bad that
es mejor que………………………………………… it's better that
es necesario que ………………………………… it's necessary that
es peligroso que………………………………… it's dangerous that
es posible que……………………………………… it's possible that
es probable que …………………………………… it's probable that
es raro que………………………………………… it's rare (strange) that
es ridículo que…………………………………… it's ridiculous that
es triste que……………………………………… it's sad that
es una lástima que ………………………………… it's a pity that
Expresiones de la ecología
Es malo que contaminemos el aire y el agua =It's bad that we pollute the air and water
Es bueno que sepas más sobre el medio ambiente = It's good that you know more about the
environment
Es importante que recuerden que el planeta es para todos =It's important that you remember that the
planet is for everybody
Es lógico que hayas empezado un programa de reciclaje =It's logical that you have begun a recycling
program
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¡EL SUBJUNTIVO!
The construction of the present tense subjunctive sentence with impersonal expressions will look
like:
Impersonal expression (this is the “trigger”) +que + new subject + present subjunctive of the verb
To use subjunctive with impersonal expressions, you need to have a different subject than what
you started with!
The formation of the present tense subjunctive will be easy for you because it is exactly the same as
the formal commands! This time, you can follow the rule for more endings than just Usted and
Ustedes.
Remember, since you are switching endings, the –car, -gar, -zar rules apply!
Take the yo form, drop the O, add the opposite ending.
Comer:
Hablar:
Escribir:
For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that
there is no stem change in the nosotros form ( same as commands!!  )
Poder:
Hacer:
Empezar:
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For -ir stem-changing verbs, the stem change in the nosotros form follows these patterns:
o ue verbs change o  u; eie verbs change e  i; e:i verbs change e  i.
Remember dormir and durmiendo?
Dormir:
Sentir:
Buscar:
Llegar:
Almorzar:
Irregulars in commands are irregular in
subjunctive!
Ir:
Irregulars:
Dar _____________Estar ________________ Ir _______________Saber _________________
Ver _________________ (irreg yo) Decir ________________Conocer ______________________
Notes:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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¡El Subjuntivo! Usage
“All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try
a slightly different approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past,
present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive
mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish”
(http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/subj1.htm)
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.
Subjunctive conjugation: ___________________________
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.
Subjunctive conjugation: ___________________________
My mom wants me to go to the store.
Subjunctive conjugation: __________________________
So now, on to USING the subjunctive with impersonal expressions:
Impersonal expression (this is the “trigger”) +que + new subject + present subjunctive of the
verb
It’s important that you study. (are you definitely studying? No. This person speaking feels that it’s
important, but you can’t say “estudias” because that means you definitely study. The subjunctive is
going to open up the idea that there is no guarantee here).
In Spanish: Es importante que tú estudies.
It’s important that you study (for you to study)
Sometimes in English we don’t say things exactly grammatically correct, so sometimes instead of
“that” we use “for (subject) to.”
It’s necessary for you guys to get good grades on this quiz = what you are really saying is
“it is necessary that you all get good grades on this quiz.”
Es necesario que ustedes saquen buenas notas en esta prueba.
You need the subjunctive with impersonal expressions when you have two different subjects:
It’s = one subject. Then you have the expression like “important” or “interesting” and then you
have QUE, then a new subject like a different person or thing, then the subjunctive form of the
new verb:
Subject /expression + QUE + new subject + subjunctive
It’s sad that Jacinta is not in school today =
Es triste QUE Jacinta no esté en la escuela hoy.
Doubt, denial, desire, demands, impersonal expressions = all subjunctive!
A. Decide si la frase necesita “S” para el subjuntivo o “I” para el indicativo.
1. I want that____
2. He demands that ____
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3. It’s good that ____
4. I know that ____
5. It’s important that ____
6. It’s definitely true that ____
7. It’s necessary that ____
8. It’s sad that _____
9. It’s terrible that ______
10. I need to think ____
11. It’s important to spend time with
friends ___
12. It’s good for her to spend time with
friends ____
13. It’s a shame to fail a test ____
14. It’s a shame that fails tests ____
15. I want to help ___
16. I want them to help me____
It may be helpful for you to rewrite sentences in English to be sure you know that it fits this
model with the “que” plus a different subject:
1. It’s important for her to study Spanish in college= rewritten in ENGLISH =
______________________________________________________________________
Now, the Spanish version with subjunctive:
______________________________________________________________________
2. It’s logical for him to arrive late tonight. =
Eng = ______________________________________________________________________
Span = ______________________________________________________________________
3. It’s strange that she eats lunch alone.
______________________________________________________
4. It’s better for us to go to the store now.
______________________________________________________________________
5. It’s a shame that they don’t know the new student.
______________________________________________________________________
6. It’s important for her to come to class on time.
______________________________________________________________________
7. It’s dangerous that your dad doesn’t use a helmet!
______________________________________________________________________
Some expressions that are NOT used with the subjunctive:
1. It’s true that Spanish class is awesome.
2. It is obvious that there is snow outside.
3. There is no doubt that the students have played in the snow.
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The present perfect subjunctive
You’ve already learned that to form the present perfect in the indicative, you take the present tense of
“Haber” and attach a past participle of the verb.
Ejemplo: He hablado con mi madre. = I have spoken with my mother.
The subjunctive mood also has a present perfect tense! To form it, you use the present subjunctive of
“Haber” plus the same past participles of the verbs.
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
X
Hayan
You use the present perfect subjunctive to indicate that the subordinate clause (the one that depends on
the other clause; often second) took place in the past.
So: It’s possible = present. “that” (connects the clauses) he (may/will) go to the store.
Es posible (presente) “que” (conecta) él vaya a la tienda.
VS.
It’s possible = present. “that” (connects the clauses) he went (past) to the store.
You can’t have present and past in the same sentence so what they do is use the present perfect of the
subjunctive to make it like it happened in the past.
It’s possible = present. “that” (connects the clauses) he has gone (pres. perf) to the store.
Es posible (presente) “que” (conecta) él haya ido a la tienda.
Compare these sentences:
Present Subjunctive:
Es posible que Romeo visite a Julieta. = It’s possible that Romeo is visiting/will visit Juliet.
Present Perfect Subjunctive:
Es posible que Romeo haya visitado a Julieta. = It’s possible that Romeo has visited / visited Juliet.
Present Subjunctive:
Present Subjunctive:
Es bueno que hagas eso. = It’s good that you are doing/will do that.
Present Perfect Subjunctive:
Es bueno que hayas hecho eso. = It’s good that you have done/did that.
Present subjunctive:
1. It’s good for her to buy food at the market
________________________________________________________________________
Present perfect subjunctive:
1a. It’s good that she bought food at the market:
__________________________________________________________________
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2. It’s a shame that she has to study tonight.
____________________________________________________________________________
2a. It’s a shame that she had to study tonight.
______________________________________________________________________
3. It’s important to start the test at 4:30 pm.
______________________________________________________________________
a. It’s important for them to start the test.
______________________________________________________________________
b. It’s important that she started the test.
______________________________________________________________________
Try these! You may have to add a “that” in ENGLISH to better understand! Watch TENSES.
1. Es una lástima que ellos no ______________________ (arrived/have arrived)
2. Es probable que Martina _____________________ (prepared/has prepared) un pastel.
3. It’s doubtful that he studied/has studied for the exam.
________________________________________________________________
4. I’m very sorry that you ate the apple. (have eaten)
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Josefina denies that she cheated (hacer trampas).
__________________________________________________________________
6. It’s a shame that he arrived late.
________________________________________________________________________
7. It’s good that you studied (have studied) for this test!
________________________________________________________________________
8. It’s logical for her to spend time with her friends.
________________________________________________________________________________
9. It’s necessary to work a lot to earn/win money.
________________________________________________________________________________
10. It’s dangerous to travel alone!
________________________________________________________________________________
11. It’s dangerous for us to travel alone.
________________________________________________________________________________
12. It’s good that you studied a lot!
________________________________________________________________________________
13. It’s good for you to study a lot.
________________________________________________________________________________
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