Download World History #2

McCall Hubert’s SSGHSGT Cheat Sheet (World History) 1
This Packet Includes ONLY the Content Information That Will Be on the SSGHSGT Beginning in 2011
Domain # 5: World History (Accounts for 18% of the SS GHSGT)
* Standard 9: The Renaissance and Reformation
- The Italian Renaissance began a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned from the end of
the 13th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval & Early Modern Europe.
- Economic & Political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli
-Florence, Italy is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance
-Niccolo Machiavelli was based in Florence, Italy & one of the first Renaissance Men & the founder of Political Science
- His best know work, a book called The Prince outlines the basic principles of today’s subject called Political Science
- Artistic & Scientific Impact of the Renaissance
-Leonardo da Vinci is considered the archetype (ideal representation) of the Renaissance Man, due to his occupations
which included painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, math, engineering, inventions, etc. He is known best
for his painting of Jesus’ Last Supper
-“Renaissance Man” – A man of “unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imagination”
-Michelangelo – another famous “Renaissance Man” known for his sculpture of David and the painting of the Sistine
Chapel’s Ceiling
- Humanism is based on reforms of the people (humans) in education, which include science, philosophy, art, engineering,
architecture, etc. It demonstrates a sharp contrast to Medieval European life. This –ism promoted individuality,
independence and secularism (break from religion)
-Petrarch survived the Black Plague, which killed off 1/3 of Europe’s population and is known as the Father of Humanism
-Dante is best known for his work called The Divine Comedy and is considered the greatest literary work composed in the
Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
-Erasmus is unique since he was a Christian Humanist who did not embrace the secular part of the Renaissance and
Reformation and embraced reforming the church from within instead of turning his back on religion as many
“Renaissance Men” did.
- The Protestant Reformation was founded by Martin Luther & John Calvin who objected to the doctrines, rituals and
structure of the Catholic Church. This reform led to the creation of the new church of The Protestants, which today
include Baptists & Methodists just to name a couple.
- The Counter Reformation was the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation where it experienced a
Catholic Revival
-The Council of Trent is considered to be one of the most important Councils of the Catholic Church, where they
condemned Protestants as heretics (going against God’s will as determined by the Catholic clergy)
-The role of the Jesuits were a religious order of Catholic priests and brothers who were largely responsible for the revival
of the Catholic faith during the Catholic Reformation
- The English Reformation was a time when the English Crown led by Henry VIII broke from the Pope and Catholicism. This
was done to establish the Supremacy of the English Crown and Henry VIII’s wanting an annulment from his current wife,
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish), in order to marry Anne Boleyn, partially to ensure a male heir and partially to promote his
own male superiority and belief that he was the final law, even in religious matters. Instead of a male heir, Anne Boleyn
gave birth to Elizabeth I, who during her reign (which was over 40 years where she was known as the Virgin Queen)
solidified the power of the Church of England or Anglican Church – commonly connected with the Protestant faith.
- Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press brought about mass production of the written language. This led to the
Bible becoming and still is the most printed book in World History. It also promoted literacy and education throughout
Europe and the world. This invention essentially spread the Renaissance and its ideas beyond geographical boundaries.
* Standard 10: The Age of Discovery
- Explorers and Conquistadors
-Zheng He from 1405-1433 commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, Asia, East Africa & the Middle East
-Vasco da Gama is one of the most successful Explorers of the Age of Discovery and was the first to sail ships directly from
Europe to India (important to trade and economic prosperity of European nations)
-Christopher Columbus was the explorer, who was funded by Queen Isabella of Spain, who founded the West Indies
(believing he had found a passage to India sailing west from Europe, he named the people there “Indians”)
-Ferdinand Magellan was the first to sail around the world
-James Cook was the first to reach New Zealand, Australia & the Hawaiian Islands
-Samuel de Champlain founder of Quebec City (New France) and explorer of North America
- The Columbian Exchange was the global trade of goods from the New World to Europe and Vice Versa
- From the New World to Europe: Maize (corn), tomato and potato
- From Europe to the New World: Horses and Cattle
- Improved technology in European exploration
-Astrolabe used the location of the sun, moon & stars to determine one’s place in navigation
McCall Hubert’s SSGHSGT Cheat Sheet (World History) 2
* Standard 13: Intellectual, Political, Social and Economic Factors that Changed the World View of Europeans
- Scientific Contributions
- Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer who defined our solar system as Heliocentric (sun centered) instead of the
commonly held belief that the earth was the center of the universe (Geocentric).
- Galileo contributed to Copernicus’ theory of a Heliocentric universe with his improvements to the Telescope
- Kepler calculated planetary movements around the sun (elliptical paths)
- Newton identified gravity on the earth’s surface as a constant and identified the 3 laws of motion (as it applies to mass
or weight and force or action), which is what modern mathematics and mechanics are based upon
- The Enlightenment was an embracing of science, logic and reason that took place in Europe and the New World. The
foremost representative of the Enlightenment in the New World (British Colonies) was Benjamin Franklin
- John Locke known for his philosophical ideas of Life, Liberty & Property that all individuals are entitled to as God Given
rights, which Jefferson later changed to Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness in the Declaration of Independence
(1776) Refer to the Social Contract Theory in the Civics/Government Cheat Sheet
- Voltaire is primarily known for his belief in one’s Civil Liberties, which included Freedom of Religion & Free Trade
- Rousseau was a Romanticist, whose works established the cornerstone of Democratic Government – a government ruled
by the consent of the governed or by the people.
* Standard 14: The Age of Revolutions & Rebellions
- The Causes and Results of the Revolutions in England (1689)
-United States (1776-1781) – This can be found in the US History Cheat Sheet
-France (1789-1799) had its own revolution after aiding America in its revolution against the British crown. The people of
France revolted against their King Louis XIV, with more violence toward each other than was found in the American
Revolution
- The is evident in the Reign of Terror, where the Jacobins or Revolutionaries beheaded anyone who did not support
their ideologies
- The end result was a more democratic government without the tyranny of the French crown, just as in the American
Revolution
-Haiti (1791-1804) was a rebellion of slaves led by Toussaint L’Overture and was one of the few successful slave revolts,
which resulted in the entire take over of the island by the former slaves, while this island was under the control of the
French leader, Napoleon. After he lost this important strategic island, Napoleon was willing to sell the Louisiana
Purchase to US President Jefferson in 1803 for the bargain price of only $15 million dollars (Refer to the US History
Cheat Sheet)
-Latin America (1808-1825) these conflicts were collectively against Spanish rule in Latin America and were only possible
through Napoleon’s attack of Spain in Europe, thus weakening Spain’s ability to maintain control of its colonies in Latin
America (Mexico, Central America & South America)
- Napoleon as Emperor of France
- Rise to power began in 1804 towards the end of the French Revolution – His civil ideologies are the basis for one’s civil
liberties today and the enforcement of a civil legal system in various countries throughout the world, including the
USA
- The Role of Geography in his Defeat – Essentially Napoleon (even with the use of mass conscription or draft) spread
himself too thin and was eventually defeated with the disastrous attempt to invade Russia in 1812.
- The Consequences of France’s Defeat for Europe With the French and Spanish weakened after this time period, Great
Britain or the British Empire became the dominant nation in Europe for the next century leading up to WWI & WWII
* Standard 16: WWI & its Global Impact (Also, refer to the US History Cheat Sheet)
- Causes of WWI
- Balkan Nationalism (Extremis views of national superiority, which coincide with inferiority of other neighboring nations
(This was a common belief during this time of the Germans, the Austro-Hungarians & the Ottoman Empire, which
would prove disastrous for them with the loss of WWI)
- Entangling Alliances – various nations “backing each other up” if anyone were to attack them led to the first World War
or as it was know then, The Great War
- Militarism – the building up of a nation’s military led to the large scale battle of WWI
- Conditions at the War Front
- Trench Warfare wherein each side (Allied & Central) dug in a trench with the land in between called No Man’s Land.
The war reached such a Stalemate (or stopping point where neither side could advance without severe casualties)
- Battle of Verdun
- The End of WWI
- Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay reparations (paying for damage done during WWI)
- The Mandate System that replaced Ottoman Control took territories away from the Ottoman Empire, which essentially
destroyed the existence of the Empire and put these territories under the control of Allied Nations (primarily Great
Britain and France). This was part of the League of Nations, established in President Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points, as
an attempt to prevent further World Wars.
McCall Hubert’s SSGHSGT Cheat Sheet (World History) 3
- Destabilization of Europe through economic hardships incurred after WWI
- Led to the Collapse of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia (End of the Russian Czar) with the Bolshevik or Russian
Revolution where Russia had to pull out of WWI as an Allied Power due to this internal conflict and Russia
becoming Communist in 1917, led by Lenin
- Also, the Collapse of the Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria-Hungary
* Standard 17: Political & Economic Factors that Shaped the World between WWI & WWII
- The Bolsheviks from Lenin to Stalin’s first 5 year Plan
- After the Russian Revolution, Russia became Communist under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin who rebuilt Russia’s
industry and agriculture under a Communist policy called the National Economic Policy or NEP
- Under his successor, Josef Stalin, Russia experienced a catch up period to the rest of the world in industry, called
Stalin’s 1st 5 year Plan
- Growth of Fascism – this type of government is typically represented by a one-party system with one man having
authoritarian control
- Mussolini in Italy
(Title = Prime Min.)
These are all prime examples of Authoritarian Fascism. Also, these three
- Hitler in Germany
countries comprised the Axis Powers during WWII
(Title = Chancellor)
- Hirohito in Japan
(Title = Prime Min.)
- The Rise of Nationalism
- Sun Yat Sen – Father of Republican China, which was based on three principles; nationalism, democracy & the people’s
livelihood
- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk helped Turkey establish itself as an independent republic after WWI and during WWII
- Mohandas Gandhi helped India gain its independence and promoted civil rights campaigns around the world with the use
of mass civil disobedience (peaceful disobedience of tyrannical rulers)
- Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarian Governments
- Russia or the USSR under the leadership of Stalin was controlled by a Totalitarian Government that controlled every
aspect of its citizens lives without the citizens having a voice in government such as voting rights.
- Germany & Italy used philosophical ideals to promote their political agenda and this is known as an Authoritarian
government. Where they people can vote, but there is only one party to vote for, thus giving that group total power
- Aggression and Conflict Leading to WWII
- Europe
- Spanish Civil War was between the Fascists led by Francisco Franco, who won this conflict and made himself a
Dictator of Spain until 1975. Franco received the support of both Hitler and Mussolini, but never officially
joined sides during WWII
- German Annexation of the Sudetenland was seen by Germans as their reclaiming of land inhabited by ethnically
German people. Britain kept practicing appeasement (trying to keep the peace and avoid another world war)
of Germany, allowing them to do this, but as Hitler progressed with little concern for any other nation – it
finally led to WWII when he invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
- Invasion of Ethiopia (1940) was the military campaign led by Italy (Mussolini) invasion of East Africa, where the
British fought and won Italy’s surrender in 1941
- Rape of the Nanjing in China was a 6 week murder and rape of these Chinese people upon capture by the Japanese
in 1937.
* Standard 18: Global Political, Economic & Social Impact of WWII
- Major Conflicts & Outcomes
- Pearl Harbor (Can be found in US History Cheat Sheet)
- El-Alamein was the Battle that turned the tide in favor of the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers in WWII in the North
Africa Theater
- Stalingrad was the battle that turned the tide in favor of the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers in WWII in the Eastern
European Theater
- D-Day was the Allied invasion of Normandy (France) beach in an effort to get France back from the Germans. It was the
turning point in favor of the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers in WWII in the Western European Theater.
- Guadalcanal occurred in 1942 after the Allied Powers had been pushed out of all main areas in the Pacific except
Australia. With the Japanese building an airstrip in Guadalcanal, Australia was also at risk. Thus, when the Allies won
this battle it put a severe dent in the forward momentum of the Japanese (Axis) forces.
- The Philippines – The Allies (America) had been pushed out of the Philippines by the Japanese in 1942 and General
MacArthur vowed to go back and reclaim the Philippines as a sense of retribution
McCall Hubert’s SSGHSGT Cheat Sheet (World History) 4
- Nazi’s & the Holocaust came about due to a strong hatred of Jews, known as Anti-Semitism. Hitler wanted to “purify”
Europe, and this included getting rid of genetically inferior people in his eyes. His inferiors were first and foremost Jews,
but also included Homosexuals, Soviets, Mentally & Physically Disabled, Gypsies, Etc. At the end of WWII, he tried to carry
out his Final Solution where all inferiors that had still survived life in a concentration camp were to be killed. It is
estimated that over 8 million people were killed during the Holocaust, 6 million of which were Jewish people.
- Military Negotiations of Churchill (GB), Stalin (USSR) & FDR / Truman (USA)
- Yalta Conference & Potsdam Conference were meeting among these three national leaders on how to respond after
WWII to help Europe rebuild physically, socially & economically
- Post WWII Policies
- United Nations is similar to the League of Nations, where it serves as an international peace keeping organization
- Marshall Plan was to financially support Europe in its aftermath of WWII. Resulted in $17 Billion given to European
nations to help them rebuild
- MacArthur’s Plan for Japan was to reacquire the Philippines and strike a blow to Japan they would not recover from as
revenge for earlier defeats of the Americans by Japan in the Pacific during WWII
* Standard 19: Global Political, Economic & Social Impact of the Cold War
- Decolonizing from 1945 – 1989 (Fixing the problems of Imperialism)
- Revolutionary Movements
- India
- Gandhi (Previously addressed in this Cheat Sheet)
- Nehru served as India’s first Prime Minister, once it was an independent nation
- China
- Mao Zedong was the leader of China who brought Communism to this country in 1949
- Chiang Kai-shek (1928-1948) he served as a Nationalist leader during a time of non-abusive government in China
- Ghana
- Kwame Nkruham was the first leader of Ghana as an independent country and promoted Pan-Africanism or a unified
Africa
- Formation of Israel – Even though Israel existed in Biblical times, it had ceased to be an independent country until 1948. Due
to Middle Eastern conflicts that led to the Arab-Israeli War after WWII, Israel was made a country in the armistice (end of
fighting) of this conflict in 1949. Even today, conflict still exists between Jews and Muslims over this land commonly called
“The Holy Land”
- The Arms Race – Race by both USSR and USA to build even more powerful nuclear weapons (Major contributor of the Cold
War and Fear of Nuclear Holocaust)
- Hydrogen Bomb in 1954 – In the escalation between the USSR and USA, America tested its first hydrogen bomb on March
1, 1954. Click on the link to the see the actual video. Hydrogen Bomb
- SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 1972) was two rounds of talks between the two nuclear super powers of the
Cold War, the Soviet Union (USSR) and USA. The second round did result in a treaty between the two nations to
decrease nuclear arms, but America did not stick by their agreement after the USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
Eventually, an agreement between the two was reached with START or Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty in 1991 at
the end of the Cold War.
* Standard 20: Examine the Change & Continuity in the World Since the 1960’s
- Ethnic Conflicts & New Nationalism
- Pan-Africanism – uniting all those people of African heritage (embracing Africa and its culture)
McCall Hubert’s SSGHSGT Cheat Sheet (World History) 5
- Pan-Arabism- uniting all those people and countries of the Arab speaking world (embracing Arab history and culture)
- Bosnia-Herzegovina served as a hub for military defense for the USSR during the Cold War. It was important because of
its location, being so close to Europe. In the 1990’s the ethnic groups within the former Yugoslavia fought each other
for control, which led NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) to get involved after acts of genocide (killing of a
group of people because of their race or ethnicity) had occurred.
- Rwanda Genocide occurred in 1994 resulting in almost 1 million deaths or 20% of the population of the nation of
Rwanda in Africa. The conflict was between the Tutsi and the Hutu and took place over a 100 day time period.
- Terrorism as a Form of Warfare
- Shining Path – Communist Terrorist Group located in Peru, South America
- Red Brigade – Marxist Leninist (Communist Left Wing) Terrorist Group located in Italy in the 1970’s & 1980’s who
kidnapped former Prime Minister of Italy, Aldo Moro in 1978.
- Hamas – Islamic Fundamentalist or Radical Terrorist Group founded in 1987, who were known for action of terrorism
throughout the Arab or Middle Eastern World
- Al Qaeda – Probably the most well known Terrorist group to Americans, since they were responsible for 9/11 and led by
Osama Bin Ladin
- Terrorism’s Impact on Day to Day Life
- Travel – Excessive Security (especially at airports) in a Post 9/11 World
- World Energy Supplies – With Middle Eastern conflicts, come shortages of oil to the Western world (particularly America)
- Financial Markets – The decrease the in the value of American (and other nations attacked by terrorism) currency after a
terrorist attack such as 9/11, which means the economy suffers a recession (which we are still in today).
* Standard 21: Globalization in the Contemporary World
- Cultural Integration of Countries into the World Economy
- Television
- Satellites
These forms of communication serve to connect us globally through the sharing of
information and the understanding of different cultures. They have essentially broken
down the geographic borders that used to keep us apart.
- Computers
- Global Economic & Political Connections – The same can be said for the below terms, which serve to connect us globally
through economics and politics. Once again, braking down the geographic borders that used to keep us apart
- Multinational Corporations – financially connect us globally
- United Nations – World Peace Keeping Organization
- OPEC – Oil & Petroleum Exporting countries is an intergovernmental organization of twelve developing countries made up
of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and
Venezuela. Its prime goal is to help these struggling countries economically prosper individually and collectively.
Unfortunately, it has led to a “monopoly” in oil globally, which has led to the price of oil continuously going up. This is
not good for the American economy and why we are actively looking for alternate fuel sources today.
- WTO – World Trade Organization (Establishing Free Trade with No Tariffs to limit Trade)
- Governments Cooperation With Each Other To Minimize the Negative Effects of Human Actions on the Environment – You
probably know this as the “Green” Movement