Download EX. Draw the structure of

LS Chem 30: Organic Chemistry

Inorganic Carbon Compounds:

isomers: a set of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural
formula

EX. C6H14 has different isomers
Representing Organic Compounds
1. Empirical molecular formula
2. Expanded molecular formula
3. Structural diagram
4. Condensed structural diagram
5. Line structural diagram

EX. C7H16. Write out a condensed structural diagram and a line structural diagram for 2
isomers.

EX. C5H10. Write out a condensed structural diagram and a line structural diagram for 3 of
these isomers.
Alkanes


The general formula of alkanes:
Alkanes form a homologous series. They are _______________ in water.
Naming Alkanes

The IUPAC name of any organic compound has three basic parts:
prefix + root + suffix

EX. Heptane

EX. Decane
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side groups: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl….
 If there is more than one type of side group, they are named in alphabetical order.
 If there is more than one of the same type of side group, a prefix indicating the
number of that type of side group is included.
 When determining alphabetical order, ignore the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.

EX. Name the following compounds.
Drawing Alkanes
**Fill in the hydrogens so that each carbon has enough bonds.

EX. Draw a structural diagram for _____________________

EX. Draw a structural diagram for __________________________
Alkenes
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

Alkenes are __________________________hydrocarbons =_____________________
Alkenes __________________ in water
The general formula of alkenes:
prefix + root + suffix


suffix: The suffix for alkenes is “-__________________”.
EX. Name/Draw the following compounds
Alkynes


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Alkynes are _________________________________hydrocarbons = _________________
The general formula of alkynes:
Alkynes have the same naming rules as alkenes except the suffix ends in –______
Alkynes _______________ in water and their linear structure around the triple bond causes
them to attract one another more strongly = ____________ boiling point

EX. Name/Draw the following compounds
Cyclic Hydrocarbons



_____________________ hydrocarbon rings.
Naming Cyclic Hydrocarbons:
 Root = the ring
 Suffix = single double or triple bonds? *Assume the double or triple bond is carbon 1
 Prefix = side chains
Drawing Cyclic Hydrocarbons:
 Ring = line structural diagram
 Side chains = condensed structural diagrams

EX. Name the following compounds

EX. Draw the structure of __________________
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

are characterized by the presence of the benzene ring.
Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons



The root name for the molecule is –____________________
The carbons are numbered to locate the side chains (if more than one).
EX. Name the following compound

EX. Draw the structure of __________________________________________


If a chain is bigger than the ring, benzene is a __________________ side group.
EX. Name the following compound

EX. Draw the structure of _____________________________________
Hydrocarbon Derivatives

A functional group is a special arrangement of atoms that is mainly responsible for the
chemical behaviour of the molecule.
Alcohols:
Alkanes:
Alkenes:
Alkynes:
Alkyl Halide:
Carboxylic Acid:
Ester:
Alcohols


contains the __________(-OH) functional group.
Naming and Drawing Alcohols:
 Identify the root: Locate the longest chain that includes the hydroxyl group.
 Identify the suffix: -ol
 Identify the prefix

EX. Name the following compounds

EX. Draw the structure of _____________________________________
Physical Properties of Alcohols
 -OH group is POLAR = _______________in water, decreasing with molecule size
 _________________ boiling points than alkanes of same size
Alkyl Halides


contains at least one halogen (Group 17) atom.
Naming and Drawing Alkyl Halides:
 Identify the root
 Identify the prefix: Name and number any alkyl side groups.
Insert the number(s) of the carbon atom(s) bonded to the halogen(s).
Use the prefix(es) that identify the specific halogen(s)
(________________________________________________________________)

EX. Name the following compounds

EX. Draw the structure of _____________________________
Carboxylic Acids

weak acids that contain the carboxyl group (-COOH), which is polar
o = _______________boiling points
o = _______________ in water; decreasing with molecule size
o = turn litmus _________________
 Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids:
 Identify the root
 Identify the suffix: Drop the –e at the end of the name of the parent alkane and
replace it with –oic aicd
 Identify the prefix: The carbon atom of the carboxyl group is always number one.
Ecreasing with molecule
 EX. Name the following compounds

EX. Draw the structure of _________________________
Esters
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functional group:
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boiling point is ___________ compared to alcohols or acids
have aromas
formed by a reaction between a ____________ and an _______________.
O
O
+
R
C
O
H
carboxylic acid
+
H
O
R’
alcohol
R
C
O
R’
ester
H
O
H
water
Naming and Drawing Esters:



Identify the root: ________________ group. The root of the name of the ester is
based on the name of the acid. Determine the name of the parent acid.
Identify the suffix: Remove the –oic acid from the name of the parent acid and
replace it with –________.
Identify the prefix: The name of the alkyl group originating from the alcohol is the
prefix for the name of the ester.

EX. Name the following compounds

EX. Draw the structure of _____________________________
Organic Reactions
Combustion


In a _____________ combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy.
When fuels are burned with insufficient oxygen, _________________ combustion takes
place. In these reactions, carbon monoxide (CO(g)) and even carbon soot (C(s)) can be
produced.
Addition Reactions
________________ hydrocarbons
 The addition of hydrogen produces an ____________:
EX. pent-2-ene + hydrogen 


The addition of a halogen produces an alkyl halide:
EX. cyclohexene + fluorine 


A simple addition reaction using Br2 (aq) is used to _________________________________
Ex. The reaction between but-2-ene and bromine vs butane and bromine



The addition of a hydrogen halide also produces an alkyl halide
Because non-identical atoms are being added in, 2 different isomers may be formed.
EX. but-2-yne + hydrogen bromide 


The addition of water produces an alcohol. Isomers may also be produced.
EX. hex-1-ene + water 
Elimination Reactions
 a ____________ bond is formed
 Alcohols can be converted into ______________ when they are heated up in the presence of
a ____________________ (H2SO4(aq)) catalyst.
 EX. .
H2SO4
pentan-2-ol

Alkyl halides can be converted into alkenes when they are heated up in the presence of a
______________________, such as sodium ethoxide (NaOCH2CH3).

EX. Bromopropane NaOCH2CH3

Isomers can also be produced by elimination reactions, if the double bond can form at
alternate locations.
EX. 2-chlorobutane + sodium ethoxide

Substitution Reactions
 a __________________ hydrocarbon reacts with a halogen (X2).
 They require the energy from ___________________________ to take place more quickly.
 EX.
UV
butane + chlorine

EX.
UV
benzene + fluorine
Esterification Reactions
 the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Water is also produced.
 require a _____________________ (H2SO4) catalyst.
 EX.
H2SO4
propanoic acid + ethanol
Addition Polymerization
 Alkene monomers can be linked together through multiple addition reactions to form a
polymer. The polymer is the only product.
Condensation Polymerization
 Monomers are combined through multiple condensation reactions.
 A second smaller product, usually water, is also produced.
 Each monomer must have two functional groups, usually one at each end of the molecule.
PRACTICE
For each of the following chemical reactions, write out a structural diagram, name all
products, and identify the reaction type.
2-methylbut-1-ene + bromine 
cyclobutyne + oxygen 
2,3-dimethylprop-1-ene + hydrogen chloride 
cyclobutene + chlorine 
butane + fluorine
UV
H2SO4
2-methlypropanoic acid + methanol
benzene + oxygen
2-chloroheptane + sodium ethoxide
cyclobutane + chlorine
UV
H2SO4
2-methylbutan-1-ol + ethanoic acid
2-bromohex-1-yne + hydrogen
H2SO4
3-ethylcyclohexanol
Refining Petroleum

_______________________________ is the first step in refining petroleum. The different
boiling points of the hydrocarbons allow them to be separated into different fractions.
 The boiling point of a hydrocarbon increases as the molecular size increases (greater
London forces).
 The smallest hydrocarbons are captured at the top of the tower and larger
hydrocarbons are collected closer to the bottom.

__________________ converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons.
 __________________cracking involves the heating of a hydrocarbon under pressure
in the absence of air. This breaks carbon-carbon bonds. Steam at more than 800oC is
often used as the heat source.
 ___________________cracking is a low pressure process that passes a powdered
catalyst through heavy hydrocarbon fractions at 600oC.
 ___________________ involves the addition of hydrogen gas during a catalytic
cracking process.

_________________ uses heat, pressure and catalysts to convert straight-chain alkanes into
branched-chain alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatics.

___________________ is a reforming process in which smaller hydrocarbons are chemically
joined together to make a larger, more branched hydrocarbon.