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AP Chemistry Basic Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups Notes Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen • Alkanes contain only single bonds • Alkenes contain at least one double bond • Alkynes contain at least one triple bond General Formulas: • Alkanes = CnH2n+2 • Alkenes = CnH2n • Alkynes = CnH2n-2 Hydrocarbons Nomenclature: Two part names: • Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain • Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne Memorize the prefixes, in order: Alkane Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec Alkene Alkyne Functional Groups: • Common groups of elements added to hydrocarbons that change their chemistry • Can be added on the end or interior • Names are changed to reflect the functional group(s) Cyclo-hydrocarbons • Carbons are in a ring • lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens Cyclohexane: Cyclohexene: 1, 3, 5 cyclohexene : Or benzene or phenyl Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group • Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be • Name ends in “ol” Ethanol: Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain • N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1 chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains • The suffix “amine” is added • If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen • If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed number is used Methanamine: Butan-2-amine: N-methylethanamine: Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide • The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain • The suffix “ioc acid” is added • Can have one on each end of a chain, but naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches) Ethanioc Acid: (Acetic Acid)
