Download Review Document 5 learning and memory

Review Document 5: Chapters 8 and 9
Learning and Memory
Learning:
Classical Conditioning (= stimuli! Natural responses- applications: fears, phobias / addictions)
Ivan Pavlov (Identify each below using Pavlov’s experiment)
 US
 UR
 NS (neutral stimulus)
 CS
 CR
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization / Discrimination
John Watson
 Aversive conditioning / Baby Albert
Second order (higher order conditioning)
Garcia and Koelling: experiment: animals/humans biologically wired to make certain
associations easier than others (ex. Food / sickness, or nausea)
Operant Conditioning (=reinforcement!)
Thorndike: pioneer- Law of Effect (effects of positive, negative reinforcement on behavior)
Skinner (Skinner Box)
 Reinforcement = encourages behavior
 Punishment = discourages behavior
 Positive reinforcement: adds something pleasant
 Negative reinforcement: Removes something unpleasant
 Positive punishment: Adds something negative
 Negative punishment: Removes something pleasant
 Classify each of the following with one of four above:
 Taking aspirin for a headache =__________ $25 for each A you make= _________
 Losing your license for speeding = ______________ Spanking child for a tantrum =
________
 Shaping
 Chaining
Primary reinforcers: natural reinforcers- food, water, rest etc.
Secondary reinforcers: things we learn to value (money, praise etc.)
Fixed ratio (FR) Fixed # of responses for reinforcement (quick learning, quick extinction)
Variable ratio (VR) Reinforcement after varied # of responses (slowest extinction)
Fixed Interval (FI) / Variable Interval (VI)
Token Economy: Tokens as positive reinforcement (schools, prisons, mental institutions)
Instinctive Drift: ignore reinforcement to follow natural behavior
Premack principle: Preferred behavior can be used to reinforce unpreferred behavior (“eat lima
beans and you may be excused”)
Other forms of learning: escape vs. avoidance / Cognitive / Observant / Latent / Insight
Memory (storing of information over time)
Automatic vs. Effortful processing
Encoding (placing info into memory)
 Next-in-line Effect: we seldom remember what last person said if we are next…
 Spacing effect: we encode better when we study / practice over time
 Serial positioning effect: remember first and last, but forget the middle
 Types of encoding
 ___________ encoding: encoding of meaning
 ___________ encoding: encoding of sound
 ___________ encoding: encoding of picture images
Encoding strategies
 Self-reference effect:
 Peg word:
 Chunking:
 Key word system:
 Loci:
Storage (retaining info)
Three Stage Process theory: sensory input, encoding, retrieving (sensory memory, short-term
memory, long-term memory)
Iconic memory: visual “snap shot” of great detail- lasts only 1 second (sensory memory)
Echoic Memory: auditory memory (what you hear) lasts about 4 seconds (sensory memory)
Short term memory: “working memory” (whatever your working on at the moment)
Long term memory
 Long-term Potentiation (LTP): Leading theory: neural connections gradually strengthen
through rehearsal (repeated use)
 Flash-bulb memory:
 Types of Long-term memory
o Explicit (declarative: with conscience recall)
 __________ = general knowledge / _______ = experiences (life events)
o Implicit (nondeclarative / procedural)
 Skills (motor and cognitive / classical and operant conditioning
Hippocampus = memory!
Amygdala = emotional memory
Retrieval (getting info out of memory)
 Priming effect: people remember better / faster to an item if similar item precedes it.
(repetition priming and semantic priming)
 Context effect: remember better if in same context / location you experienced it
 Tip-of-the-tongue effect:
 Mood-congruent theory: tendency to recall experiences consistent with current mood
(good or bad)
 State dependent theory: remembering events better when in same state of consciousness
Forgetting
 Interference theory
o Proactive interference: old information gets in the way of new information
o Retroactive interference: new information gets in the way of old information
 Consolidation Failure: injuries, seizures etc. (Retrograde vs. Aterograde amnesia)
 Ebbinghaus curve