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Lab Biology Exam Study Guide
1. What characteristics do all living things share?
2. What are the four unifying themes of Biology?
3. What is a hypothesis? What is a theory?
4. How have computer-based technologies advanced the study of Biology?
5. What issues have been raised by the study of biotechnology?
6. What elements are common to living things?
7. How are ions, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds formed?
8. How are the unique properties of water important to living things?
9. How do acids and bases compare?
10. What are the unique bonding properties of carbon?
11. How do the four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things
compare?
12. How does the breaking and forming of bonds during chemical reactions affect the
release or absorption of energy?
13. How do enzymes regulate chemical reactions?
14. What developments led to the formation of the cell theory?
15. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
16. What are the structures and functions of all eukaryotic cell parts?
17. What is the structure of the cell membrane?
18. How are chemical signals transmitted across the cell membrane?
19. Compare and contrast osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion.
20. Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis.
21. What is the importance of ATP?
22. What is the overall process of photosynthesis?
23. In what way is cellular respiration a mirror image to photosynthesis?
24. What happens during the process of fermentation?
25. How is fermentation important to us?
26. What are the stages of the cell cycle?
27. What factors limit cell size?
28. What is the structure of a chromosome?
29. What happens during each stage of mitosis?
30. How do internal and external factors affect the cell cycle?
31. How is cancer related to the cell cycle?
32. Compare and contrast binary fission and mitosis.
33. How and why do cells become specialized?
34. How do different types of stem cells differ?
35. What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes? Between autosomes
and sex chromosomes?
36. Compare and contrast the two rounds of division in meiosis.
37. What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes? Between autosomes
and sex chromosomes?
38. Compare and contrast the two rounds of division in meiosis.
39. Summarize Mendel’s Laws of Independent Assortment and Segregation.
40. How can heredity be illustrated mathematically?
41. How does crossing over during meiosis increase genetic diversity?
42. Describe sex linkage and other forms of complex inheritance.
43. How is a pedigree used?
44. What is the structure of DNA?
45. How does DNA replicate itself?
46. Describe the processes involved in protein synthesis.
47. How do gene regulation and mutation affect phenotype?
48. How are restriction enzymes, polymerase chain reaction, and gel electrophoresis
used in genetic technology?
49. How are organisms cloned?
50. What is recombinant DNA?
51. What is gene therapy?
52. How do fossils influence ideas about evolution?
53. Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
54. What evidence exists that supports the theory of evolution?
55. How can natural selection change the distribution of a trait in a population?
56. How can isolation of populations become isolated?
57. Compare various patterns of evolution.
58. Compare relative and radiometric dating.
59. Summarize the main hypotheses of how life began on Earth.
60. What are the levels of organization in an ecosystem?
61. What methods do ecologists use to study the environment?
62. How can a change in one factor affect others in an ecosystem?
63. What are the roles of producers and consumers in ecosystems?
64. Compare photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
65. Analyze feeding relationships in a food web.
66. How does the cycling of matter relate to ecosystems?
67. Use an energy pyramid to trace the flow of energy among trophic levels.
68. Compare and contrast a biomass pyramid and a pyramid of numbers.
69. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
70. How do competition and predation affect ecosystems?
71. Describe the three types of symbiosis.
72. How do density and dispersal affect populations?
73. How do survivorship curves relate to reproductive strategies?
74. Compare exponential and logistic population growth.
75. What factors affect population growth?
76. Compare the processes of ecological succession.
77. What are the biotic and abiotic features of Earth’s major biomes?
78. What are the major threats to the biosphere from humans?
79. How can molecular evidence reveal species’ relatedness?
80. What are the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms of our current tree of life model?
81. What is the basic structure of a virus?
82. What are the replication cycles of viruses?
83. How do the two types of prokaryotes compare?
84. What are the characteristics and adaptations of bacteria?
85. What is the economic importance of bacteria?
86. What are the characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?
87. How do the four groups of protozoans compare?
88. What are the characteristics of plant-like protists?
89. What is the process of alternation of generations?
90. What are the basic characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi?
91. How does the role of fungi as decomposers affect the flow of both energy and
nutrients through food chains?
92. What is the ecological role of lichens and mycorrhizae?
93. What are the characteristics of plants?
94. What are the structural adaptations of plants to their land environments?
95. What are the characteristics of the major types of plants?
96. What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?