Download Bio I Review Sheet for Lab Exam, Summer 2005

Bio I Review Sheet for Lab Exam, Summer 2005
This review has been created to aid in your preparation for the lab exam. It covers essential
portions of the lab material, but is not intended to be comprehensive. In principle, anything you
have dealt with in the lab sections is relevant for the test.
Lab 1 – Instrumentation, Measurement and the Living Cell
Be able to perform conversions between the units described in your lab manual. For example:
Convert 30mm into _________nm
Be able to calculate a molecular weight given the molecular formula and the weights of the atoms
(for example from a periodic table) that make up the molecule. Be able to calculate how many
moles correspond to a certain mass of a particular substance and vice versa.
Compute the total magnification of the compound microscope when using each objective:
scanning, low, high, or oil immersion (Ex: If you are viewing a prepared slide through the high
power lens your field of view is being magnified how many times?)
Know the parts of the course microscopes and the proper way to handle the microscopes.
Know how to use the balance.
Know the settings and use of a micropipettor.
Lab 2 – Macromolecules in Living Systems
Know the basic structure of each class of macromolecules. (Ex: What macromolecule is
comprised of an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen (H) and one of
several possible side groups (R)?)
The breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides is a ____________reaction. Formation
of macromolecules from their building blocks is a ____________ reaction.
What biomolecule does the Biuret Test test for? Iodine Test? Sudan IV Test? Benedicts Test?
Know what a positive test result looked like for each test.
What is the function of a positive control? A negative control?
A weak acid will break what bond in protein structure? What is this process called?
Lab 3 – Membrane Transport
If you were given a prepared slide of elodea depicting a hypertonic solution would the cell be
plasmolyzed or turgid? What about a hypotonic solution? Know what each state looks like.
Be able to identify and explain movement of (protein/glucose/something else) molecules through
an artificial membrane (dialysis tubing).
Know the impact on beets placed in a test tube with absolute ethanol and boiling water. What
was affected: the protein or the lipid in membrane structure?
Lab 4 - Energy And Enzymes
Were you dealing with an endergonic or an exergonic reaction when you worked with lactase?
What does an enzyme do? Describe its importance.
How does enzyme concentration impact the rate of reaction? Temperature? pH?
Under which conditions did lactase work best?
Know the general characteristics of enzymes. Are enzymes used up or destroyed or changed
when they help facilitate chemical reactions?
Be familiar with the spectrophotometer: what is it used for, how do you calibrate it, what does the
absorbance reading tell you, etc.
Be able to interpret a graph depicting an absorbance reading over time? Be able to calculate the
reaction rate (slope of line)
Lab 5 - Respiration
If you were provided the results of the yeast fermentation experiment would you be able to
explain the results? Which test tubes were the negative controls and for which parameter?
What is phenol red, and why did we use it? When you added phenol red to the yeast
fermentation tubes and some of them turned yellow, what was that telling you?
Which gas is given off during yeast fermentation?
Know the chemical equation to describe the effect of CO2 on the pH of a solution.
What was the purpose of the KOH in the respirometer experiment?
What gas was consumed during aerobic respiration of the corn seedlings in the respirometer, and
how could you determine the volume that was consumed?
Know the reaction equation for aerobic respiration.
Lab 6 - Chlorophyll And Photosynthesis
Know characteristics of the visible spectrum-In what portion of the visible spectrum is
photosynthesis active? Which colors are absorbed by chlorophyll; accessory pigments.
Know the relationship between wavelengths of absorbed vs. reflected light in the visible
spectrum.
Know the effect light intensity has on photosynthesis.
Know the different stages of photosynthesis and where they occur.
Know the reaction equation for photosynthesis. Which gas is produced and where does it come
from?
Lab 7 - Genes and Hypothesis
Understand the following terms: Allele, gene, monohybrid, dihybrid, law of segregation, law of
independent assortment, codominance, incomplete dominance, test cross,
dominance/recessiveness, true-breeding, chi-square, punnett square, degrees of freedom,
genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous
Be able to describe and diagram a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross. Identify the dominant traits
based on the F1 phenotype. Predict the phenotypic ratios of the F2 individuals.
Be able to accept and/or reject a hypothesis if you were given the chi-square summation value,
along with the degrees of freedom, and a probability table. Know how degrees of freedom are
calculated. Know what a large (or small) chi-square value means.
Know how to calculate expected values and a chi-square value if given observed counts; be able
to explain what assumptions you use to calculate the expected values.
Distinguish between mutations: ebony, sepia, vestigial. Further, be able to distinguish male from
female Drosophila.
Lab 8 – Chromosomes and Cell Division
Recognize and be able to interpret a karyotype analysis. Know what characteristics are used to
distinguish between metaphase chromosomes
Explain what a diploid (2n) chromosome count means, and know how many chromosomes (or
homologous pairs) there are in the human and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Know which
cells are haploid.
Identify stages of mitosis on whitefish blastula or onion root tip prepared slides.
Know how cytokinesis is different between plants and animals.
Know the purpose and end result of mitosis.
Know how meiosis is different from mitosis and describe the products of meiosis. Explain
gametogenesis in animals.
Be able to identify the models of each of the stages of mitosis/meiosis.
LAB 9, 10 – Mutation, Human Genetics
Explain why mutations are more readily observed in haploid organisms. Describe how we
induced mutations in penicillium spores.
Know how to calculate the number and frequency (in percent) of lethal mutations, if given the
number of colonies on a control plate and the number of colonies after each length of UV
irradiation.
Describe the two types of mutations we identified and how we identified them.
Know the ABO blood types and the underlying genotypes. How are the human blood types
determined?
Know the rules for blood transfusion: who is a universal donor; recipient?
Know the formulas that describe the relationships between frequencies of genotypes and alleles
for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Be able to calculate a genotype frequency for a population
when given an allele frequency and vice versa.
Note:
The material of labs 11 and 12 will not be subject of this lab exam!
I know this announcement will make you really sad.