Download The Human Genome Project CH 13 Sec 3 notes

The Human Genome Project CH 13 Sec 3
Human Genome Project (HGB)
•International project
•Began in 1990, completed in ________
•Objective: ________________________________________________________
–DNA sequencing
•Many other genomes have now been sequenced
Sequencing the genome
•The 46 chromosomes were cleaved
•Several restriction enzymes used
–Fragments with __________________________________
•Recombinant DNA created, cloned, and sequenced with machines
–Generated ______________________________________
•Decoding revealed only 2% code for proteins
–_______________________________________________
–Repeating sequences
DNA fingerprinting
•Uses restriction enzymes to create fragments
–unique to each individual
–gel electrophoresis separates fragments
–Observe band patterns
•______________________________________
•Coding sequences almost identical
Identifying Genes
•________________________________________________________________
–Many still unknown
•Use recombinant DNA and computers to understand genes
•Sequence scanned for ORFs
–_________________________________
–Contain about 100 codons
•Contain start & stop codons
–Tested to for ___________________________
Bioinformatics
•Emerging field of study
•Involves ________________________________________________________
•Locate genes
•Discover structure and function of proteins
•Compare similar proteins from different organisms
–Group protein sequences into families
DNA Microarrays
•_____________________________________________________________
–Organism or specific cell type
–Make comparisons
•_____________________________________________________________
–Spotted with DNA fragments
•Store large amount of information
Steps in DNA Microarray
•Use ________ from 2 different cells
•Convert to complimentary _________________
•Label DNA with _________________________
–Ex: Green = normal, red = cancer
•Place in microarray slide
–incubate
•Examine colors for gene expression
–Yellow = same in both cells
–red =higher in cancer cells
–green = higher in normal cells
Black = no expression
Genetics Disorders in the genome
•_______ of nucleotides are the same in all people
•Variation that occurs in a genome sequence when a single nucleotide is altered are
called _______________________________________________
–Must occur in at 1% of population
•SNP maps may help identify genes of genetic disorders
The HapMap Project
•_____________________________________________________________
•_______________ are regions of linked variations
–Finding groups of SNPs in specific regions of DNA
•Used to find genes that cause disorders or affect response to drugs
Pharmocogenomics
•______________________________________________________________
–Provide accurate dosing
•safer
–Reduce side effects
•Imagine custom made medicine!
–Based on _______________________________
Gene Therapy
•Hopes to correct mutated genes
•Attempts to _______________________________________________________
•Use ___________ and ________________________ to insert gene into target cell
•Clinical trials began in 1990s
•FDA stopped trials in 2003 due to a death of a patient
–Reaction to virus
The genomic era
•Genomics- the study of _____________________________________
•Proteomics- the study of the __________________________________________
–Looks at hundreds of proteins at once
–Hope to create new drug therapies