Download Ballston Spa`s Abner Doubleday A Brief Biographical Sketch

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APUSH Talking Points 9.1
"And the War Came" 1861: The Sumter Crisis,
Comparative Strategies
Objectives
1. Explain how the firing on Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call for troops galvanized both sides for war.
2. Describe the early struggle for the border states
3. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of both sides as they went to war
American Pageant: Chapter #21
It was the greatest war in American history. 3 million fought - 600,000 + died. It was the only war
fought on American soil by Americans, and for that reason we have always been fascinated with The
Civil War.
REVIEW TIMELINE
YOUR NOTES:
November, 1860
Lincoln elected
president
December,1860
South Carolina
secedes
February,1861
Confederacy
formed
March,1861
Lincoln
inaugurated
April,1861
Fort Sumter
attacked
THE CRUCIAL BORDER STATES
The importance of the border states (states bordering the North): Missouri, Maryland,
Delaware, and Kentucky. They were slave states, but did not secede.
"And the War Came" 1861
Battle
Date
Fort Sumter
attacked
April 1861
Bull Run
(Manassas), 1st
battle
July 21,
1861
Location
Charleston, South
Carolina
Northern Virginia
Comments
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded
from the Union, and had demanded that all federal
property in the state be surrendered to state
authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his
units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on
March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in
the South still under Union control. Learning that
Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort,
on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard
demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused.
On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began
bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14,
1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the
next day.
Southern troops in an attempt to crush the rebels and go
"On to Richmond." South scores victory as Union troops
flee back to Washington in disarray.
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The Civil War Tally Sheet
Man Power
Railroad
Factories
Iron Production
Coal Production
Textiles
REEL HISTORY: Gone With the Wind “Dreams of Victory”
Q? How accurate is Rhett Butler’s assessment of Yankee
advantages at the beginning of the war?
Q? Why do the southerners seem so eager to fight?
REEL HISTORY: Gods and Generals “Lee Declines”
Q? Why did Robert E. Lee decline President Lincoln’s offer to
lead the Union Army?
Q? What impact did this decision have on the outcome of the
war?
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REEL HISTORY: Gettysburg “A Mathematical Equation”
Q? Why does Confederate General James Longstreet try to
dissuade a rebel spy for joining the assault know as Pickett’s
charge?
The Battle of Gettysburg lasted for three days included over
160,000 soldiers and claimed 23,000 Union casualties and
28,000 Confederate casualties
A Mathematical Equation
Rifling = spiral grooves in a weapon’s barrel designed to impart spin on a bullet as it travels
down the barrel. The result of the spinning, tightly-fitting minie ball was that a Civil War
soldier could kill or wound a man at over 500 yards, as opposed to a Revolutionary soldier,
who obeyed the order “don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”.
Total Forces
Total Killed and Wounded
Battle of Saratoga
(1777)
23,000
2,000
(about 8%)
Battle of Gettysburg
(1863)
165,000
Note the impact of
Industrialization)
53,000
(about 21%)
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Ballston Spa’s Abner Doubleday
A Brief Biographical Sketch
Captain Abner Doubleday was born at Ballston Spa, New York, in 1819, and attended schools at
Auburn and Cooperstown. He attended West Point, and graduated in 1842 with a commission in the
artillery. Doubleday served in the Mexican War and, during the 1850s, in a campaign against the
Seminole Indians in Florida. He was promoted to captain in 1853, and was stationed in Charleston
Harbor when the crisis at Fort Sumter occurred.
As a staunch unionist who strongly opposed slavery and supported Lincoln, Doubleday regarded the
Carolinians as traitors. His opinions won him no friends in Charleston. His wife shared his views, and
while she was staying i n Washington in mid-March 1861, she was consulted by Lincoln after his
cabinet first gave its views about relieving the fort. Lincoln wished to see her husband's letters so
that he could get a fuller picture of the situation at Sumter.
After the surrender of Sumter, Doubleday served in numerous campaigns throughout the Civil War,
and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1863. After the war, he attained the rank of colonel
before retiring from active service in December 1873. He then made his home in Mendham, New
Jersey, where he died in January 1893. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Doubleday has often been credited with inventing the game of baseball in 1839 at Cooperstown,
New York, now the location of the baseball's Hall of Fame. This claim appears to date from the late
nineteenth century, when baseball owners tried to disassociate the game from any connection to
the English game of rounders. The assertion that Doubleday invented baseball is almost certainly
untrue. Doubleday was not at Cooperstown in 1839; he never referred to the game, much less
claimed that he invented it, and his obituary in the New York Times did not mention baseball,
either.
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APUSH Talking Points 9.2
1861-1865: The problem with numbers…
What casualty counts really tell us
AP Focus: The Civil War, America's bloodiest conflict, cost nearly 1,100,000 casualties and claimed more than
620,000 lives. The campaigning armies left destruction in their wake, particularly in the Southern states that
bore the brunt of the fighting. Best estimates place the total number of war-time clashes in excess of 10,000,
many of them large scale encounters that resulted in staggering losses for both sides. Engagements such as
Gettysburg, Shiloh, the Wilderness and Chickamauga are ranked among the great battles of history; they bear
witness to the courage and tenacity with which the Federal and Confederate soldiers fought for their beliefs.
A New York state of mind
more than any other state…
• New York contributed ~360,000 soldiers to the Civil War
• ~50,000 died
• 132 won the Medal of Honor
• New York factories provided various war materials including steel, railroad cars,
weapons, uniforms, and even horseshoes.
• New York provided more horses to the Union army than any other state, which
needed to replace 500 per day
• More numbers: http://www.phil.muni.cz/~vndrzl/amstudies/civilwar_stats.htm
The Military Participation Ratio
Conflict
Revolutionary War
War of 1812
Mexican War
Civil War: Union
: Confederate
: Combined
Spanish-American War
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Gulf War
Population
Enrolled
(millions) (thousands)
3.5
200.0
7.6
286.0
21.1
78.7
26.2 2,803.3
8.1 1,064.2
34.3 3,867.5
74.6
306.8
102.8 4,743.8
133.5 16,353.7
151.7 5,764.1
204.9 8,744.0
260.0 2,750.0
Ratio
5.7%
3.8%
0.4%
10.7%
13.1%
11.1%
0.4%
4.6%
12.2%
3.8%
4.3%
1.1%
If the Civil War’s casualty figures were translated into today’s population, the proportional figure
would be five million dead.
The problem with numbers…
David Blight Professor, Yale University
http://academicearth.org/courses/the-civil-war-and-reconstruction-era-1845-1877
Professor Blight’s course explores the causes, course, and consequences of the American Civil War, from the
1840s to 1877. The primary goal of the course is to understand the multiple meanings of a transforming event
in American history. Those meanings may be defined in many ways: national, sectional, racial, constitutional,
individual, social, intellectual, or moral. Four broad themes are closely examined: the crisis of union and
disunion in an expanding republic; slavery, race, and emancipation as national problem, personal experience,
and social process; the experience of modern, total war for individuals and society; and the political and social
challenges of Reconstruction.
Lecture #17 “Homefronts and Battlefronts – the Social Impact of the Civil War” (17:47 to 29:40)
Lecture transcript available on class website
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American Pageant: Chapter #20
Girding for War. 1861 to 1865
YOUR NOTES:
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“Brother Against Brother”
•
•
•
•
The Civil War divided states, friends, and families
Dozens of families lost brothers, fathers, and sons on both sides of the conflict
William R. Terrill of Virginia graduated from West Point in 1853. He was killed fighting for
the Union, while two of his brothers died fighting for the Confederacy.
Two Prentiss brothers were wounded in the same battle, fighting for opposing sides. They
were treated in the same hospital, on adjacent beds. Both died from their wounds.
“Billy Yank” vs. “Johnny Reb”
Several members of the Culp family fought in the
Civil War. They were from a town in
Pennsylvania called Gettysburg
David fought for the North for two and a half
years, was captured, and survived the remainder
of the war as a prisoner.
His cousin Wesley had moved South before the
war. He joined the Confederate army.
Wesley was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg,
fighting on a farm that belonged to his
grandfather.
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Stories of the Civil War, Carved on Headstones; Volunteers
Unearth Names and History At Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/04/nyregion/stories-civil-war-carved-headstones-volunteers-unearth-names-history-green-wood.html
The weathered, nearly identical marble gravestones of the Prentiss brothers stand side by side not far from the
chapel of the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Both evidenced a readiness to die so their causes might live.
The history behind these headstones is a sobering tale of enmity, forgiveness and patriotism. The saga of the
brothers' final resting place came to light thanks to the work of volunteers seeking the lost Civil War veterans of
Green-Wood.
Of the nearly 600,000 people buried at Green-Wood since 1840, it is believed that at least 4,000 were Civil War
soldiers and sailors. Although veterans' groups and Boy Scout troops place flags on the graves of known veterans,
until now there has been no systematic effort to identify or care for all the monuments of the Civil War dead.
Now, as volunteers are working to find these veterans, they are also learning their remarkable stories. Especially
poignant is the discovery of the Prentiss gravestones and their link to the brothers' extraordinary past.
Clifton Prentiss, who is buried on the left, joined the Union Army in 1862 and ultimately rose to the rank of brevet
colonel. His younger brother William enlisted that same year. But he donned the butternut garb of the
Confederate Army, and so Clifton vowed they would never speak again.
Both fought for their antithetical ideals throughout the war, and when Gen. Ulysses S. Grant ordered the advance
on the Petersburg, Va., earthworks on April 2, 1865, it was Clifton Prentiss who led the assault on the breach. This
broke the Confederate line, which happened to include his brother William.
As Clifton brandished his sword to urge his men forward, he was shot; a bullet lodged in his lung. As for William,
he was struck by a shell fragment above the right knee, and his leg had to be amputated. At a field hospital,
William learned that his older brother was nearby. Initially Clifton refused to see the man he called a traitor. But
in time, and in pain, they eventually reconciled.
The brothers Prentiss were brought to the Armory Square Hospital in Washington, and their nurse, Walt Whitman
-- that Walt Whitman -- was stunned by this coincidence of war. Whitman wrote that the brothers were ''brought
together here after a separation of four years.'' William succumbed on June 24; Clifton on Aug. 18. ''Each died for
his cause,'' Whitman wrote. Soon they were side by side at Green-Wood.
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APUSH Talking Points 9.3
Civil War Highlights 1860 to 1865
EVENT
Lincoln elected
president
DATE
November
1860
South Carolina
secedes
Confederacy
formed
Lincoln
inaugurated
Ft. Sumter attacked
December
1860
February
1861
March 1861
April 1861
Bull Run
(Manassas), 1st
battle
July 21,
1861
Ft. Henry & Ft.
Donelson
February
1862
Monitor vs.
Merrimac
Shiloh (Pittsburgh
Landing)
Peninsular
Campaign
(Yorktown, Seven
Days' Battle, Fair
Oaks)
Bull Run
(Manassas) 2nd
battle
Antietam
March 1862
LOCATION
US
South Carolina
Montgomery,
Alabama
Washington, D.C.
Charleston, South
Carolina
Northern Virginia
Tennessee rivers
Off Hampton Roads,
Virginia
April 1862
Tennessee
March-July
1862
Southern Virginia
August
1862
Northern Virginia
September
1862
Maryland
Emancipation
Proclamation
September
23, 1862
Washington, D.C.
Fredericksburg
December
1862
May 1863
Central Virginia
Chancellorsville
Northern Virginia
TURNING POINT
SIGNIFICANCE
Though winning in the electoral college, Lincoln's lack of a
popular majority (1.9 million out of 4.7 million votes cast) is an
indication of the problems he would face with a divided nation
On news of Lincoln's election, South Carolina (site of nullification
fight in 1830s) secedes
Seven states form Confederacy, write their own constitution, and
plan for an independent nation
Lincoln enters Washington D.C. in disguise because of unrest.
Southerners begin seizing federal posts.
Lincoln decides to supply Ft. Sumter, but wants the South to fire
the first shot.
Gen. McDowell leads 30,000 men against Gen. Johnston's 22,000
Southern troops in an attempt to crush the rebels and go "On to
Richmond." South scores victory as Union troops flee back to
Washington in disarray. McDowell replaced by Gen. McClellan
Gen. Grant captures two forts on the Tennessee and Cumberland
Rivers. Confederates forced out of Kentucky and yield much of
Tennessee
First ironclad battle in history ends in a draw as the Merrimac
withdraws after daylong exchange of fire. Union blockade of
South is maintained
Grant overcomes Southern forces with heavy losses for each side:
13,000 Union casualties, 11,000 for South
After continual prodding by Lincoln, McClellan decides to attack
Richmond via the South. He moves his large army down the
Potomac, marches on Richmond, and then assumes a defensive
position rather than pushing for victory. Gen. Lee takes command
of Southern troops
McClellan replaced by Gen. Pope. Lee and Gen. Stonewall Jackson
defeat Union troops again at Manassas and Pope is replaced by
McClellan
Heavily outnumbered, Lee's troops face McClellan in bloody
fighting. Over 23,000 casualties (more than all previous American
wars combined). Lee retreats to Virginia
With victory at Antietam, Lincoln announces that on 1/1/63, all
slaves in the rebelling states would be free. Does not affect
border states. Forces European nations to recognize that
choosing sides in the Civil War is to take a stand on slavery
Gen. Burnside attacks Lee's fortified position and suffers 10,000
casualties (to Lee's 5000).
Gen. Hooker defeated by Lee, but Jackson is mistakenly shot by
his own men and killed.
OF THE WAR…
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Vicksburg
July 1863
Mississippi
Gettysburg
July 1863
Pennsylvania
Chattanooga
November
1863
Tennessee
Grant promoted to
Lt. General and
given command of
all Union troops
Wilderness &
Spotsylvania
March 1864
Washington, D.C.
Petersburg
June 1864-April 1865
South of Richmond,
Virginia
Atlanta to
Savannah
SeptemberDecember
1864
Georgia
Lincoln elected to a
Second Term
November
1864
US
Lee surrenders
Lincoln
assassinated
May 1864
April 9,
1865
April 14,
1865
Central Virginia
Appomattox Court
House, Virginia
Ford's Theatre
After a long siege, Vicksburg surrenders to Grant. All of
Mississippi River is now in Union control
Over 165,000 soldiers participate in the largest battle in the
Western Hemisphere. After three days of fighting, Lee retreats,
leaving 4,000 dead Confederates. Total casualties: 23,000 Union,
28,000 Confederates
Reinforced with troops from the East, Grant is able to push
Southern troops back and prepare for assault on Atlanta and the
heart of the Confederacy
Grant prepares for assault on Richmond. When Lincoln's Cabinet
complains that Grant is a drunk and seeks to interfere with his
command, Lincoln gives him unconditional support and asks not
to notified of his plans.
Lee stops Union troops at the Wilderness, but Grant resumes
march to Richmond. Though suffering huge losses (55,000 men to
South's 31,000), Grant states "I propose to fight on this line if it
takes all summer"
Grant focuses on important railroad junction and communication
outside Richmond. Long siege of Petersburg begins with troops
living in trenches which stretched for 50 miles
Gen. Sherman destroys Atlanta and then sends troops on 300
mile destructive march to the sea. Railroads torn up, buildings
destroyed, crops burned in an attempt to break the will of the
South. Sherman’s “total war” is part of an all-inclusive conflict
designed to destroy southern will!!!
Lincoln got 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes
Republicans made sure the Union soldiers had a chance to vote,
which put Lincoln over the top
“With malice toward none…” Lincoln appealed to the country to
not seek revenge
Lee, refusing to see his troops suffer any further, surrenders to
Grant. Southern troops given generous terms of surrender
Lincoln was shot while attending a performance of Our American
Cousin Lincoln died the following day—April 15, 1865—at 7:22
A.M
SOURCE
http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html
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APUSH Talking Points 9.4
Civil War Foreign Policy and Constitutional Issues
Big Picture Theme: Discuss the foreign policy positions adopted by Britain and the
other European Nations towards the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War
American Pageant: Chapter #21 The
Furnace of War, 1861-1865
KING COTTON and EUROPEANS ALLIANCES?
Both Britain and France saw advantages in a divided union but pursued cautious policies toward
both sides. The South believed “King Cotton” would induce European nations to give direct aid and
recognition. The north wanted to prevent this recognition
YOUR NOTES:
Background
Britain was sympathetic to the South….
1. Britain felt a kinship with the “aristocratic
south
2. The Morrill Tariff (1862) hurt British trade
(review below)
Tariff history at the end of this document)
3. Britain hoped for an end to the American
democratic experiment
4. Cotton 80% of British cotton came from the
US
Outcome
Though import to Britain and France, King
Cotton was not enough to gain foreign
recognition WHY?
1. South has just be imported a bumper crop in
1860
2. The Union blockade did not prevent England
from getting their cotton – they also looked to
India and Egypt for alternative sources of
cotton
3 The union threatened to suspend shipments
of much need wheat to Britain.
A Brief Review of the Tariff Controversy
The Economics of a Tariff – (Hamiltonian Economics) revenue tariffs were enacted to help fund national debt, protective
tariffs fueled sectional differences
War of 1812
The need for national defense - industrialization/armaments British seek to strangle infant U.S.
industry with below-cost dumping first protective tariff passed by national minded DemocraticRepublicans (1816) constant increases (every four years) raises protection (1816-1832)
Tariff of
Outgoing Q. Adams administration (Federalists/National Republicans) highest tariff to date stifles
Abominations
most foreign trade southern Democrats (South Carolina/Calhoun) blame tariff for farm recession
(1828)
nullification crisis threatens Union
Clay's
The nullification crisis (civil war) avoided by compromise reductions tariff reduced (every four years)
Compromise
until reduction reaches 1816 level by 1848
Tariffs
(1832-1848)
Southern secession from Congress allows for northern wish-list legislation highest tariff to date
Morrill Tariff
offers war-time protection for Yankee industry 30,000 acres of land for each Congressional
(1862)
representative granted to each state.
Proceeds of land sales to be used to finance public colleges
FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS
ISSUE
COMMENTs
The Trent Affair,
The passenger ship Trent was stopped by Union ships
1861
with CSA envoys to London who were sent North as
prisoners of war. Lincoln chose to release the envoys.
Laird Rams,
Potential crisis was avoided when the US minister to
1863
Britain persuaded GB to block the sale of the Laird
Rams to CSA.
Maximillian Affair,
French troops overthrew Mexican government and install a puppet –
1863
Austrian Archduke
Maximillan as Emperor of Mexico. Lincoln’s Reaction to situation protest
but no action.
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Lincoln’s War Power
As Commander in Chief in time of war, I suppose I have a right to take any
measures which may best subdue the enemy
- Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln believed two things
#1 The survival of the Union!!!
#2 The survival of the representative government
He believed he was suppressing a rebellion – this gave him the right to take away
the Civil Rights of people who protested against the War
THEME TO FOLLOW
Constitution says…
Article I Sec. 8 Para 12
Congress is given the power to raise
money and support armies –
Article I Sec. 8 Para 12
No money can be taken from the treasury
unless approved by lawAmendment 1
No law shall be passed abridging freedom
of speech or press Amendment 6
Accused persons have the right to a
speedy trial
Lincoln does…
Increases size of the army without
Congressional approval.
Withdrew 2 million dollars without
authorization
Censored some anti-Union newspapers
Set up military courts to try Confederate
sympathizers
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In times of crisis, government can expand it’s
powers to meet the needs of the present
emergency.
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Wartime Constitutional Issues – Cases of Note
Ex Parte Merryman,
1861
Ex Parte
Vallandingham, 1864
Ex Parte Milligan,
1866
Charles Merryman a Southern sympathizer in Maryland tried to
raise troops for the South. Arrested after Lincoln
suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus.
Copperhead Clement Vallandingham criticized the war as
a war “the enslave whites” in an 1863 speech. Arrested for
treasonable speech. Military court finds him guilty and banishes
him to the south
As a citizen from Indiana, Milligan was found guilty in a
military court for helping the south. Sentenced to die
Appealed verdict on the grounds that civilian courts were still
working Supreme Court rules in favor of Milligan and that the
President violated his Constitutional rights
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