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Communities and Biomes Community • Collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common ecosystem. Why do Animals and Plants live where they do? Limiting Factors • Environmental factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive in its environment, such as food, predators, and temperature. • Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. • Lack of Water - Less grass less grass seeds - less mice less hawks - less bird watchers... Liebigs Law of the Minimum • The success of an organism depends on several requirements, if one of these is present in minimal quantities this will limit the organism regardless of the abundance of the others. 50 45 40 35 30 Minerals in the Soil 25 20 15 10 5 0 P Fe K N Ca Mg Limiting Factor = Nitrogen • No matter how much of the other minerals you have once you run out of nitrogen plants can not grow. So nitrogen in this example is the limiting factor. DEER • Winter Range is the limiting factor for deer. Shelford’s Law of Tolerance • Organisms have an ecological maximum and minimum, with a range in between which represents the “limits of tolerance”. Succession • The orderly replacement of one community with another. 2Types of succession • Primary (1°) - Occurs where no community had previously occupied the site. • Bare rock, Sand dune, Glacial till, volcanoes, open water. • Secondary (2°) - Occurs where the original community has been disturbed or destroyed • Fire, drought, flood, disease, insects, over grazing, timber harvest, agriculture, volcano. Pioneer Organisms • The first species into an area. • Lichen • Bare Rock –Lichens •Mosses –Ferns, Shrubs, grasses »Pines »Hardwoods • Open water –algae •submergents –Floating leafed plants »Emergents cattails »Bog shrubs, grasses »Bog trees Climax Community • A stable mature community that undergoes little or no change in species. • Do Section Assessment 3.1 page 71 #1-6. Biome • Major Biotic region of the world characterized by the dominant vegetation. Biomes of North America • Polar • Tundra • Taiga-Boreal Forest-Coniferous forest • Deciduous forest Biomes of North America • Tropical Rain forest • Tall Grass prairie • Mid or Mixed Grass prairie • Short Grass plains Biomes of North America • Mountain Complex • Cold Desert • Hot Desert • Temperate Rain Forest Desert Biome • Deserts of the U.S. • Cold desert • Hot desert –Mojave –Sonoran –Chihuahuan Cold Desert • Location: – Utah, Nevada, Oregon, S.E. Washington – S. Idaho, E. California Mojave • Characteristic Plant: –Joshua Tree • Location: –S. Cal., S. Nev, SW. Utah Sonoran • Characteristic Plant: –Saguaro Cactus • Location: –S. Az, N. Mexico Chihuahuan • Characteristic Plant: –None • Location: –S. New Mexico, W. Texas, N. Mexico Fun Facts about Deserts • 20% of the earth's surface is a desert. • Desertification: Where grassland turns to desert. (OK. Dust bowl) REASONS FOR DESERTS • Location @ 30° N & S latitude. • Rain Shadow • Remote from source of oceanic moisture. • Wind blowing over cold oceans. Characteristics of Deserts • Low & Erratic ppt. • Extreme seasonal & diurnal temperatures. • Sting winds • High UV radiation • low humidities Plant Adaptations • Leaves modified to spines. • Reduced leaf size • drop leaves during dry periods • succulence Plant adaptations • Shallow wide spreading roots • Thick cuticle • Small in size • Stomate open only at night Animal Adaptations • Nocturnal or Crepuscular (dawn or dusk) • Scales or Shells (reptiles) • Burrowing (#1biome) • Efficient Kidneys Animal Adaptations • Concentrated Feces. • Large surface to volume ratio • Estivation: inactivity due to heat TUNDRA • Finnish word: Treeless plain Reasons for Tundra • Location: above 60° N or S latitude. • Long days in summer • Long nights in winter • low temperatures Characteristics of tundra • Short vegetation - trees are dwarf • Permafrost • Cryoplanation: sculpturing of the landscape by cold. • Soil infertile and acidic Characteristics of tundra • Very little bacteria or fungi in soil. (too cold) • Less than 10” of rain per year. Plant adaptations • Low growing and spreading near the ground. • Vegetative reproduction common. • Produce seed and grow quickly. Animal Adaptations • Dense fur or feathers • Small surface per body volume ratio • Thick layers of fat • small or short appendages • color dimorphism Animal Adaptations • Migration • Feathered tarsi • Large feet • Produce their own antifreeze Important facts of the Tundra • Lichens: most important plant in food chain. • Lemming: most important animal in food chain. Grassland • Major grassland on every continent. • Eurasia: Steppe • South America: Pampas • North America: Plain, Prairie • Africa: Veld Reasons for Grasslands • Location: Between equator and 30° N & S latitude. Between deserts and forests. • Ppt. 10”- 30” Characteristics • High evaporation rates • Mainly grazing or burrowing animals. • Flat & Rolling hills. • Sever weather, floods, tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing temps, droughts. Characteristics • Support lots of grazing animals. –50 - 60 million bison in one herd. • If you stand on a shoebox and look out across the grassland you can see the back of your head. Plant Adaptations • Intercalary meristems: Growing part of plant is @ or below ground level. • Form bunches • form sod: interlocking roots • Shallow root system Plant Adaptation • Flower at different time of the year. • Flexible stem • Long and narrow stem • Fast growing Animal Adaptations • Burrowing, (#2 biome) • Strong flight or running • Protective coloration • Strong vision Animal Adaptations • Startle • Hopping motion AQUATIC BIOMES • Marine Biome: • Ocean = 70% of Earth's surface. • Contains lots of water. Ask your Teacher to draw the location of the ZONES now. He might have a cool handout that will help if you ask him. Inter-tidal Zone • Fresh/saltwater • Wet/Dry • Pounding surf • strong currents • Plenty of light Animals found here • Sea urchins, chitons, clams, mussels, oysters, oyster catchers, sea anemones, crabs, sea stars, small algae. Neritic Zone • Good light • Strong currents • Lots of minerals • Most marine life found here • Lots of Plankton Animals found here • Squid, fish, protozoans, plankton, large algae, crabs, lobster, sea turtles, whales, ship wreck victims,etc. Photic Zone • Good light • Low amount of minerals • little life • open ocean Animals found here • Not much Aphotic Zone • No light at all • abyssal organisms • near freezing temperatures • reduced skeletal structure • large stomachs Animals found here • Weird and Strange Stuff, Glowing in the dark, scary looking things. Benthic Zone • On the bottom • silt, sand, mud • Low visibility • Food scraps Animals • Things that crawl or are flat etc. Estuary • Biome where freshwater meets saltwater. • Bays, mud flats, salt marshes. Characteristics • Plenty of Light • Shallow water • Lots of minerals • High variation in temp & salinity • Exposure to air Things you find there • Clams • sea worms • mud • water • Salt grass • etc. Freshwater Biome • 2 main kinds of lakes: • Oligotrophic • Eutrophic Oligotrophic lakes • Young lake • 50’ + deep • Blue to green in color • Very little shallow water Oligotrophic lakes • Bottom “V” shaped • low fertility • High dissolved oxygen • Low fish population Oligotrophic lakes • Examples: –Bear Like –Fish Lake Oligotrophic lakes • Types of fish: –Lake trout –White fish –Cisco Eutrophic Lake • Eutrophication: Addition or introduction of organic matter into a lake. Aging process of a lake. Eutrophic Lake • Older lakes • shallower 50’ or less • green to yellow in color • considerable shallow water Eutrophic Lake • Lots of shoreline vegetation • bottom a wide “U” shape • High fertility • Low dissolved oxygen • fish population high Eutrophic Lake • Examples: –Utah lake –Panguitch lake –Cutler reservoir Eutrophic Lake • Types of fish: –Bass –Perch –Blue gill –Crappie Lake vs. River • Lake: No current or very little current • River: Strong current Adaptations for living in a strong current • Streamlined body • Strong pectoral fins • Pointed nose Parts of a Fish • ASK YOUR TEACHER TO DRAW AND LABEL A FISH FOR YOU. Categories of Fish in Utah • Game: Trout, bass, pike. • Trash: Sucker, Carp, Utah Chub. • Forage: Minnows, sculpins, shiners. • Panfish: Perch, Crappie, Blue gill. • Commercial: Salmon DONE Test in Two days