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Missouri Compromise 3/5 compromise had kept things under control for a long time. Foreign slave trade is ended in 1808. Louisiana Purchase brings territory into union and these territories need to be organized. These territories were organized along the lines of the Northwest Ordinances. They organized state conventions and petitioned the federal government. This process of petition led to the problem of popular sovereignty. This does not formally occur until the 1850’s, but the idea that local governments control local conditions is paramount in the constitution *states decision on citizenship *all powers not delegated are reserved to the state *spheres of influence) *the fact that the constitution is an economic document and also in the enlightenment thought of the time *life, liberty and property Hartford Convention 1814-1815 This was when federalists held a convention to have New England secede from the union because of the war of 1812. They didn’t do it, but this set a precedent of the union being made up of individual states. Five states had entered the union Mississippi Louisiana Alabama Illinois Indiana First three are slave states. Last two are not, but a balance exists in the union. Missouri petitions to be admitted as a slave state. This would mess up the balance and would push slave limits north. Slavery is becoming a moral issue. Talmadge Amendment – proposed by Talmadge of New York to lead to gradual emancipation in Mississippi. This causes hysteria in the congress ( river of blood, let it come by talmadge and cobb). Passed in House, but is blocked in Senate. This is really starting to stir things up. Henry Clay is house speaker and sets up compromise – Missouri enters slave and Maine is cut out of Massachusetts and comes in as a free state. This maintains the balance. The major part of this is that 36/30 becomes the coordinates for freedom, but the presence of this slave state becomes even more damaging. Missouri is mostly settled by people from Kentucky, so they pass laws outlawing the presence of free blacks This violates constitutional guarantees of citizens enjoying the same rights. Clay sets up a second compromise that makes Missouri promise to abide by the constitution, after admittance, they break it. The Missouri Compromise is a magnificent document and was crafted by political geniuses, the problem is that it only addressed the political effects of what was essentially a moral issue. Some say that the reason that the Civil War occurred when it did was because of the generation of political geniuses had passed and were replaced by mediocrities. Indian Policy Constitution recognizes the sovereignty of Indian nations. As sovereigns, the Indians are negotiated with and they sign treaties. Reality is that treaties are imposed and the terms are always bad for indians. Choctaws, Chickasaw and Creeks become part of the market economy. By doing this, they end up in debt as a result of downturn in pelt prices. They have to cede more land to pay debts. This loss of land led to dependency on whites for food. 1830’s 50% of indians die. Shawnees under tecumseh and the prophet go to canada and mexico. Assimilation is considered proper policy. This is turning the indians into whites by destroying the indian culture. Boarding schools are created to do this. The government is supporting westward movement and the indians are losing. Removal is looming 1824, Monroe proposes moving the indians beyond the Mississippi River. Cherokees, Choctaws, Choctaws and Chickasaws don’t want to sign anymore treaties. They want to stay. Georgia becomes the testing ground. Federal government had made a promise in 1802 to remove the indians in return for the state promises to renounce western land claims. Feds force Creeks cede all of their land except a small bit. The Cherokees make a real attempt to enter the new culture. 1819 – 1829, they become self sufficient and self governing. Sequoyah created an alphabet and a newspaper. Cherokees create a government with a bicameral leg and a written const. They require that all land be owned by tribe, but they do own slaves and enter the market economy. Georgia tries to force Cherokees to sell their land in 1822. Cherokees refuse and Georgia annuls the Cherokee Constitution and seizes the land. Cherokees sue in federal court. 1831 - Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – Marshall rules that Cherokees cannot sue in federal court, but they are due their land and cannot give it up except voluntarily. 1832 - Worcester v. Georgia – Marshall rules on soveriengty of Indian nation. Jackson says that marshall has made his ruling …. Trail of Tears – Treaty of New Echota – trade ancestral land for land 20000 start and only 15000 finish.