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Through geographers’ eyes Satellite images What is a map? Different types of maps Direction Grid references Latitude and longitude Using scale Differing scales Interpreting height on maps Using topographic maps Distribution patterns Comparing spatial patterns Changing spatial patterns Landforms Plate tectonics Earthquakes Oceans and coasts River environments Desert environments Rainforest environments Climate Disasters Environmental hot spots Threatened species Climate change Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Population Urbanisation Indigenous people Economic activity Contrasts in living conditions Tourism Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Through geographers’ eyes Geographical inquiry 1. The landscape shows Uluru, which is 340 kilometres by plane from Alice Springs, and 450 kilometres by road. 2. a. Diagonal parallel lines run across the top of Uluru. b. These parallel lines are due to weathering and erosion of the softer rock by wind and water forming gullies. Prevailing wind direction would have impacted on the parallel pattern these gullies form. 3. a. Taputji is to the north-east of Uluru. b. Originally Taputji would have been part of Uluru. The softer rock has been eroded by natural forces (wind, water, temperature changes) over many years leaving Taputji as a separate rock formation. c. The long rectangular shape near the sunrise viewing area is an airstrip. d. This feature was created by a human activity – excavation. 4. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. Maps of a landscape are always drawn in the plan view because the scale is constant over the area shown. A photograph taken in the oblique view is best for observing both the foreground and background of a feature such as Uluru, whereas a ground view photograph shows a landscape as we usually see it. 2. The photographs of the Blue Mountains and Sydney Harbour are oblique aerial view. All others on pages 32–33 are ground view photographs. 3. The elephants are clearing away the debris left by the 2004 tsunami. In the foreground, you can clearly see a destroyed car and fallen trees. 4. a. No b. Because the photograph is a ground view photograph – the scale varies between the foreground and the background. 5. a. Students’ own sketches b. No. The scale is not consistent between the foreground and background, making map drawing very difficult. c. The vertical aerial photograph is better for showing the size and shape of the objects as they appear in maps. 6. a. The oblique aerial view gives a much better idea of the height and shape of the landscape than a vertical aerial (plan view) image. b. Farming and erosion of the coast 7. The following are examples of the questions students might ask. a. In which country in the Namib Desert located? b. Why are the dunes in the desert shaped like long lines? Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. What natural processes have created a desert in this region? d. Are the waves eroding the desert dunes or bringing sand to the shore? e. Should this coastline be managed to slow the effects of coastal erosion? Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Satellite images 1. a. Triangular, like an arrow-head b. The vegetation close to Uluru is thick and much greener than the lighter, sparser vegetation further away. 2. a. The coastline is very straight. There are a number of man-made islands offshore that are in distinct shapes such as palm trees and the early stages of a map of the world. b. To build housing estates where every home has a water frontage. 3. a. The towns are near the farmland. b. Satellite images help geographers observe large areas of the Earth’s surface. c. The snow is located on the peaks of the volcanoes. This tells us that the volcanoes reach to a high altitude. 4. Students’ own answers Deeper understanding 1. a. The vegetation follows the river course appearing as a ribbon either side of the Nile and covers much of the delta region. b. People would settle in these areas rather than surrounding desert as the land is fertile and there is plenty of water available. 2. a. The mudslides follow the river valleys therefore there is a strong spatial association between mudslides and river valleys. b. To the east and south-west c. The indigenous people lived on the slopes of Mount Pinatubo. The eruption killed 800 people and destroyed 100 000 homes. 3. a. Roads have been constructed and areas of rainforest cleared. b. Forest has been cleared and replaced by palm oil plantations. c. The rivers and the drainage pattern have remained the same. 4. a. The large ‘H’ represents an area of high pressure. This tends to produce generally fine weather. b. A cold front is approaching Tasmania from the west. This will bring rain and a quick drop in temperature to Hobart. c. A tropical cyclone is in the Coral Sea east of Queensland. d. The low pressure system is responsible for this cloud pattern. This could bring strong winds and heavy rainfall to Rockhampton. 5. a. No – most of the roads were flooded and damaged. b. There is a small wharf at the southern end of the bridge but the water appears to be full of wrecked boats. c. By helicopter Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia d. Top box: homes destroyed; bottom left: fishing boats wrecked; bottom centre: flooded mangroves; bottom right: wrecked causeway. e. Students’ own responses f. Students’ own responses g. Relief agencies would use the image to survey the destruction, establish where aid is required, and establish how to get aid to where it is needed. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia What is a map? BOLTSS 1. Students’ own responses 2. a. To give the map reader an idea of the width of the Hudson River. b. Hunters Point, Greenpoint and Brooklyn Heights 3. a. Port Phillip Bay b. The map with north to the top of the map. 4. a. Six b. Twelve c. A dotted red line 5. Southern Manhattan Island 6. By drawing the map at a small scale of 1: 32 000 000. 7. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. a. Students’ own responses b. Take William Street travelling south towards the Swan River. Turn left at Roe Street and then right into Barrack Street. Turn left into Wellington Street and continue on until you reach the Royal Perth Hospital. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Yes Mountainous 2190 metres The Owen Stanley Range No Yes Kokoda 3. a. A high pressure system b. Isobars c. Generally fine weather d. Perth e. Tasmania f. Strong westerly winds 4. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Different types of maps Types of maps 1. a. Ten b. The Broad Street pump c. In order to find out if the water from a particular pump is related to a large number of cholera deaths. 2. a. Generally fine weather with light southerly winds b. The large high pressure area over southern Australia leads to generally fine weather. Winds rotate around this in a clockwise direction meaning they will be from the south in Melbourne. The isobars are far apart meaning the winds will be light. c. To make predictions about the weather 3. a. The USA is responsible for most of the world’s Internet traffic. b. Africa produces little Internet traffic. c. This map might be used to show the inequalities in access to information in different places around the world. 4. 5. a. Yes b. Africa c. This map might be used In order to decide where the wealthier nations might send food aid. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. a. No b. Not on the same level but there are some on the ground level. c. L7 2. a. In Indonesia b. Hwang River in China c. The Amoco Cadiz oil spill deposited 220 000 tonnes of oil into the Atlantic Ocean. 3. a. Countries with large CO2 emissions b. USA and China c. On the coast 4. a. It has moved further east. b. It will continue to move east towards New Zealand. c. That it will move southwards and then move towards the east. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia d. Local residents could assess their risk and fire-fighters could plan where to send resources such as fire trucks and helicopters. 5. a. b. c. d. Port-au-Prince Other cities such as Gonaives and Hinche The movement of aid by air and sea. Students’ own answers Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Direction Orientation 1. a. b. c. d. e. Students to fill in compass points. North South-south-west North and north-west North-west 2. a. Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, New South Wales b. Alice Springs to Barrow Creek: North Barrow Creek to Mackay: East Mackay to Dubbo: South Dubbo to Melbourne: South-south-west Melbourne to Adelaide: West-north-west Adelaide to Alice Springs: North-north-west 3. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam: South-East Asia India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh: South Asia Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan: North Asia North Korea, South Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan: East Asia Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq: West Asia 4. a. Eastern Europe b. Southern Europe c. Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland 5. a. Nelson Bay b. Coffs Harbour c. 50 d. 255 e. 265 f. Move it so that the centre is located on Sydney. Katoomba would then be 278. Deeper understanding 1. a. b. c. d. North North, South, East, West South 90 2. a. When describing or predicting the weather, compass directions are used to describe where the wind is blowing from. A northerly wind, for example, blows from the north. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia b. c. d. e. North-west North-west South-east Adelaide 3. a. From the north b. From the north 4. a. b. c. d. Students’ own drawings From the north-west It has become a south-westerly wind. The fire flanks would have become fire fronts, heading in a north-east direction. 5. a. 90 b. Continue at 90 for 20 kilometres and then turn to a bearing of 189, which will take you through Denham Sound and Useless Inlet straight to the salt works. The distance is 92 kilometres. c. Retrace on a bearing of 11 for 92 kilometres and then turn to a 42 bearing for 73 kilometres to Carnarvon. Retrace your journey by heading towards the Naturaliste Channel on a bearing of 224 for 73 kilometres. Turn due west. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Grid references Alphanumeric grid 1. a. b. c. d. e. f. Australian Gallery of Sport, Hisense Arena, National Tennis Centre North Melbourne Cricket Ground C6 Theatres, the performing arts La Trobe Street, Spring Street, Flinders Street and Spencer Street Numbered avenues run north–south with 1st Avenue starting in the east. Numbered streets run east–west with 1st Street starting in the south. Numbered streets change from east to west at 5th Avenue. a. b. c. d. Kmart M7 In the Diners Life area, grid reference F7 Yes a. b. c. d. e. Churchill Devon Island D4 H6 Latitude and longitude 2. 3. 4. a. F1 b. C2 c. E2 d. F2 5. Students’ own work Deeper understanding 1. Melbourne: E2; Perth: B2; Sydney: F2; Darwin: D4; Brisbane: F3; Hobart: E1; Adelaide: D2; Canberra: E2 2. a. Boulder b. Mount Magnet c. Lock d. Students’ own responses 3. Students’ own responses 4. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Latitude and longitude Using latitude and longitude 1. a. 20°E b. 0° c. The Equator 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. Tripoli Addis Ababa Rabat Dakar Brazzaville and Kinshasa Nairobi a. b. c. d. 15°N 32°E 0°N 32°E 8°N 13°W 2° 45°E a. b. c. d. Monrovia Nouakchott Algiers Banjul a. b. c. d. e. f. 12 midnight 9 pm 3 pm 9 am 7 am 3 am 3. 4. 5. Deeper understanding 1. Students’ own responses 2. Most earthquakes are located near converging plate boundaries. 3. a. Cambodia b. Ethiopia c. Namibia d. Vietnam e. France 4. a. The Loch Ard ran aground on Mutton Bird Island. b. Survey Gorge Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 5. a. Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre b. A stack, one of the Twelve Apostles c. 38°38’55” S, 143°04’14’E 6. Individual answers will vary depending on the route taken. 7. Individual answers will vary depending on the route taken. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Using scale What is scale? 1. a. The Shark Bay mouse is shown at a scale of 1: 1. It would just fit in the palm of your hand. b. The northern hairy nosed wombat is shown much smaller than it really is. It is 10 times larger in reality than in its picture. No, it would not fit in the palm of your hand. It has been scaled down so the picture fits neatly on the page. c. The corroboree frog has been shown much larger than it really is. It is only 2 centimetres long and would easily fit in the palm of your hand. 2. a. The female Queen Alexandra birdwing butterfly holds the world record for the largest butterfly. Its wingspan can be up to 31 centimetres. b. 1:4 c. 1:3 3. Students’ own sketches 4. a. The image on the left is an armoured mistfrog. The image on the right is a cane toad. b. Armoured mistfrog – 2:3; Cane toad: 1:3 c. The cane toad would eat the armoured mistfrog. Deeper understanding 1. a. No, you would not make the trip on a single tank as it is further than 100 kilometres. b. You could stop at Swansea. c. Yes, only just 2. a. It shows Tasmania in more detail. b. The scale is shown three ways – as a simple line scale, as a ratio and as a scale statement. c. Students’ own estimates, but the figure should come close to 187 kilometres. d. 7.5 centimetres in length. Each centimetre represents 23 kilometres, so the distance is 7.5 × 23 = 172.5 kilometres from Hobart to Queenstown. e. Students’ own responses 3. a. 200 kilometres b. About 28 kilometres longer by road than flying c. About 640 kilometres 4. The Derwent River is approximately 187 kilometres long, making the South Esk River 58 kilometres longer. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 5. Each full square is 500 × 500 = 250 000 square metres. There are 7 full squares and 11 part squares, so a total of 12.5 × 250 000 = 3 125 000 square metres. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Differing scales Comparing map scales 1. a. The third map b. The first map c. The second map 2. a. Larger scale b. More suburbs, roads, parklands, and natural features such as hills c. Someone visiting Canberra. 3. a. A small-scale map b. 750 kilometres c. Australia 4. a. The local scale as it is only possible to visit a small area on a field trip. b. National Deeper understanding 1. a. b. c. d. The main landforms of the world 840 kilometres Two Someone studying the major rivers of the world. 2. a. b. c. d. The main water storages and drainage divisions in Australia Approximately 325 kilometres at the widest point Twelve A larger scale map such as the map of Australia shows the area in more detail. e. Someone studying Australia’s rivers. 3. a. b. c. d. Water storages in the Murray–Darling Basin Approximately 110 kilometres The map shows more rivers. This is because it is at a much larger scale. Someone studying the effect of rainfall on land use in the Murray–Darling Basin. a. b. c. d. The location of rice industry activities in southern New South Wales. Approximately 30 kilometres Because there are fewer rivers in this small region. Someone studying the rice growing industry of New South Wales. 4. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 5. a. Desertification is a global problem whereas severe air pollution is a regional problem. b. Acid rain is an international issue and industrial accidents are a local problem. c. Global 6. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Interpreting height on maps How do cartographers show height? 1. a. Six b. South-east c. North-west d. Late afternoon 2. Students to add relevant shading to the illustration. 3. a. More realistic b. The true shape of the land becomes more obvious, particularly steep-sided volcanoes in this region and the deep valleys on the sides of the volcanoes. 4. a. Karismbi b. Circular c. They are further apart than the contour lines on the sides of the volcanoes. 5. a. Between 1000 metres and 2000 metres b. The desert varies from large flat regions to a series of mountains near the centre of the region up to 3000 metres above sea level. c. It is below sea level. d. Between 0 to 200 metres 6. a. Muhabura b. By showing the view from the side, it is possible to see the steepness of the volcanic peaks and the relatively flat land between Mt Visoke and Mt Sabinyo. 7. Students’ own sketches Deeper understanding 1. a. The east side b. Muhabura 2. a. 1:235 000 b. 100 metres Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. SIX-FIGURE GRID REFERENCE LOCATION ALTITUDE RANK GR693679 Bartle Frere 1622 m 1 GR796608 Innisfail showgrounds and racecourse 100 m =5 GR725616 Cooroo Peak 401 m 3 GR829627 Flying Fish Point 100 m =5 GR743632 Mt Chalmynia 393 m 4 GR685633 Twin Pinnacles 805 m 2 3. a. Students’ own sketches b. It follows a valley. Rivers carve out valleys. 4. GR725616 – round hill; GR708734 – ridge; GR668656 – plateau; GR703683 – spur; GR712705 – valley. 5. a. Individual answers will vary b. After Launumu 6. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Using topographic maps What is a topographic map? 1. a, c and e are all topographic maps 2. a. National park boundary b. Broken Head or Mutton Bird Island c. Dam d. Cliffs e. Port Campbell National Park f. Ocean 3. Mutton Bird Island 4. Students’ own responses 5. a. Thunder Cave b. Rutledge Creek c. AR8122 d. AR8321 6. a. Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre b. Loch Ard Gorge c. GR796201 7. a. 61 metres b. 47 metres 8. a. 70 metres b. Between 50 and 60 metres c. GR838224 9. a. GR805217 b. Climbing 10. Students’ own responses 11. The Port Campbell coastline is home to many tragic stories of ships wrecked and lives lost. While most people know this coastline as the home of the Twelve Apostles, it has another, more sinister name, the Shipwreck Coast. One such tragic story concerns the wrecking of the Loch Ard in 1878. Bound for Melbourne from England, the ship encountered strong winds, large waves and fog on Victoria’s southern coast. The coast in this region is made up of high cliffs and many rocks and the captain found his ship being pushed towards them. The ship smashed into a reef running out from Mutton Bird Island and began to sink. In the huge waves the masts and rigging collapsed, knocking most of the 37 crew and 17 passengers overboard. One passenger, Tom Pearce, clung to an upturned lifeboat and was washed into the gorge now known as Loch Ard Gorge. He was washed onto the small beach at the end of the gorge where he lay exhausted Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia and dazed in the storm. Five hours later, another passenger, Eva Carmichael, was washed into the gorge and Tom pulled her to safety. A creek at GR817212 now bears her name. The following morning, Tom scaled the high cliff surrounding the gorge and found help. For weeks afterwards bodies washed into Thunder Cave (GR793204) where they were recovered. A cemetery at GR801204 holds several of the graves of the 52 people who died. Eva returned to England and Tom received a hero’s welcome in Melbourne. Deeper understanding 1. a. Carnarvon b. AR6915 2. a. Useless Loop b. GR705075 3. a. 350 metres b. Steep c. AR7413, for example 4. Stromatolites – GR745080 5. a. There are six. b. Muhabura c. Cones d. The border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo follows the line of these volcanic peaks as does the boundary between Uganda and Rwanda. 6. a. Mountainous, there are many contour lines in this region. b. The rivers and streams flow between the mountains towards the sea following the lines of the valleys. No rivers cross the Owen Stanley Range. 7. a. An arch collapsed. This tells us that this coast is being eroded. b. The highest is 61 metres and the lowest is 21 metres high. c. Nine. The others have eroded away or there were never twelve in the first place! 8. Students’ own responses 9. a. Kibera slum b. Ngong River and a railway line c. Royal Nairobi Golf Club d. There are large contrasts in living conditions. 10. a. Sugar cane and bananas b. Flat land c. They were devastated when a tropical cyclone occurred in the region. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 11. a. b. c. d. GR323872 South and then east Between 1600 (4 pm) and 1700 (5 pm) About 48 kilometres Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Distribution patterns Describing distribution patterns 1. 2. 3. a. Linear pattern b. Dispersed pattern c. Radial pattern d. Clustered pattern e. Random Students’ own responses a. Most of these bushfires have occurred in south-eastern Australia in a clustered distribution pattern. b. No, thunderstorms have a more random pattern of distribution. 4. a. Linear distribution b. East Asia, Indonesia, southern Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands all have volcanoes distributed in a linear pattern. c. Volcanoes are spatially associated with tectonic plate boundaries that tend to be linear. 5. Linear pattern 6. a. Linear b. Clustered c. Radial d. Random e. Clustered Deeper understanding 1. Students’ own responses 2. a. This clustered pattern offers the elephants safety from predators b. South-eastern region, south-western region and the east coast 3. The palm trees are following the road. 4. Train stations 5. Examples include volcanoes, mountain ranges, small towns on highways. 6. Public services tend to follow a dispersed pattern so that people throughout the city have access to them. 7. Students’ own responses 8. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Comparing spatial patterns Comparing distribution patterns 1. a. Less than 250 millimetres of rainfall per year b. Yes – desert regions are spatially associated with regions with low annual rainfall. 2. a. b. c. d. Students’ own responses Students’ own responses Students’ own responses Deserts have a spatial association with cold ocean currents. 3. a. The rainfall south of the Himalayas is much greater than the rainfall north of the Himalayas. b. Air is forced to rise with increases in land height and it cools to the point of condensation producing rain. As the air begins to descend from the high land, it warms and creates dry regions. c. Students’ own responses 4. a. b. c. d. e. The wettest area in the region is in the south-east. High rainfall grazing The driest area in the region is in the west. Rangelands Rainfall has determined which agriculture can be practised in different areas of this region. Deeper understanding 1. a. b. c. d. e. f. Students’ own responses They are clustered in the south-east of the country. Mainly forest and shrubland Students’ own responses Densely populated There is a strong spatial association between severe fires, high population density and forest and shrubland. 2. a. Under 200 millimetres annually b. Over 1600 millimetres annually c. Over 100 people per square kilometre d. Dense population is spatially associated with high rainfall. 3. Students’ own responses 4. a. Europe and North America are the brightest. Africa and Australia are the darkest. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia b. The patterns are the same in Europe and North America. c. In Africa, there are large population centres, but little light on the World at night map. This is due to a lack of electricity throughout much of Africa. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Changing spatial patterns Spatial change over time in photographs 1. a. The Biloxi–Ocean Springs Bridge has collapsed; the floating casino has moved inland; Point Cadel Marina no longer has any boats in it; much of the housing has been destroyed. b. The roads are intact; high rises are intact; the marina itself is intact. c. Students’ own responses d. The changes would have been rapid – Hurricane Katrina caused devastation very quickly. e. The changes occurred on a large scale as Hurricane Katrina was one of the largest and strongest hurricanes ever recorded and its path of destruction continue for almost one week. It caused most damage in the Bahamas, Cuba, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. 2. SPATIAL CHANGE OVER TIME RAPID OR GRADUAL SMALL OR LARGE SCALE Eruption of Mount Pinatubo Rapid Large scale Uplift of the Himalayan Mountains Gradual Large scale Extinction of the Stephens Island wren Gradual Small scale Change in sea level Gradual Large scale Eroding of desert rocks into an arch Gradual Small scale Spreading of the Sahara Desert Gradual Large scale Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York Rapid Small scale Haiti earthquake Rapid Small scale 3. a. Students’ own responses b. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Deeper understanding 1. a. Erosion of the coastline – gradual change: collapse of buildings into the ocean – rapid change b. Small scale c. Large scale 2. a. Small clusters appeared in Africa and North and South America. b. By 2007, the virus had spread to every continent. c. The virus was most prominent in Africa, North America and South America in 1980. By 2007, it had expanded most in Africa and Asia. 3. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Landforms Types of landforms 5. Mountains: Andes Mountains, Himalayas, The Alps Highlands: Guinea Highlands, Brazilian Highlands, Adamawa Highlands Plateaux: Plateau of Mato Gross; Plateau of Tibet, Bie Plateau Plains: West Siberian Plain, North China Plain, Manchurian Plain Islands: Iceland, South Island, Christmas Island 6. Students’ own responses 7. Caspian Depression, Kermadec Trench, Amazon Basin, Cape Horn, Lake Eyre, Coral Sea, Indian Ocean, East Pacific Ridge, Hudson Bay, Antarctic Peninsula 8. Asia – Himalayas Europe – The Alps Africa – Drakensberg Mountains North America – Rocky Mountains South America – Andes Mountains Australia – Great Dividing Range Antarctica – Trans-Antarctic Mountains 9. a. Africa b. South America c. Africa d. South America 10. a. The plateau appears to be quite flat and of one colour. b. The land south of the Himalayas looks lush with vegetation; the plateau appears relatively barren. c. Plateau of Mato Grosso 11. a. West Siberian Plain, Manchurian Plain, North China Plain b. Rivers c. Yes 12. a. A volcano formed on a hot spot and was eroded by wind and waves. The island is the tip of this volcano. b. It is far too small to be a continent 13. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. a. There is a strong spatial association between large mountain ranges and tectonic plate boundaries. b. The movement of the southern continental plate has created a line of fold mountains where it collides with the northern plate. c. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 2. a. Uluru – wind; Twelve Apostles – waves; Grand Canyon – water; Bora Bora – waves; Malaspina Glacier – ice; Monument Valley – wind; Banff – ice. b. Wind and waves 3. a. Erosion: cave, arch, stack, blowhole, bay, wave-cut platform Deposition: beach, tombolo, spit b. Waves have eroded the coastline forming bays, caves, arches, stacks and wave-cut platforms. Running water from the river has also eroded the landscape horizontally. Wind has deposited sand directly inland from the beach forming coastal dunes. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Plate tectonics 1. a. The Pacific Plate b. The Indo-Australian Plate c. New Zealand is located on a plate boundary. 2. Eurasian and African plate – Algeria: converging boundary North American and Eurasian plate – Iceland: diverging boundary Nazca and South American plate – Chile: converging boundary North American and Pacific plate - California, USA: converging boundary Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate – Indonesia: converging boundary Indo-Australian and Pacific plate - South Island, New Zealand: converging boundary Indo-Australian and Antarctic plate - Southern Ocean: diverging boundary 3. a. Ocean-to-continent b. Continent-to-continent c. Individual answers will vary. 4. a. True b. False c. False d. True e. True 5. Himalayan Mountains, Asia: Continent-to-continent; Colima Volcano, Mexico: Ocean-to-continent; Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean: Ocean-to-ocean. 6. a. Antarctica and India b. India split first, moving northwards. c. Antarctica split and moved south from Australia. d. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. Students’ own responses 2. a. The Pacific Plate is moving westwards at about 40 millimetres per year and is converging with the Indo-Australian Plate. b. The Southern Alps has been folded and faulted upwards by converging plates. c. Air masses reaching the west coast from across the Tasman Sea are forced to rise to cross the Southern Alps. This causes them to cool and the moisture Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia within them to condense and fall as rain on the west coast. These drier air masses then cross the island bringing much less rain to the east coast. d. Students to label the diagram similar to the labels on page 36 of the Oxford Atlas. 3. a. A tsunami b. A magnitude 8.1 earthquake c. Undersea earthquakes can cause tsunamis as they cause uplift in the sea floor and displacement of the water above. 4. a. This region of Papua New Guinea is very mountainous with high ranges such as the Owen Stanley Range and deep valleys. The country is located on a plate boundary. The mountainous area has a strong spatial association with the plate boundary. 5. a. Earthquakes, volcanoes and ocean trenches b. Japan is located on the boundary of the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The plate boundary is a converging boundary. c. As two plates collide one is often forced below the other. This causes a build up of tension as the plates move and this is released as an earthquake. 6. a. The labels are for the Aleutian Islands and the Kuril Islands. b. This relief is mountainous. Large glaciers originating in the mountains flow out onto a coastal plain. c. An almost continuous mountain range extends from the north of North America through to the Andes of South America. The terrain in Papua New Guinea is mountainous, but the chain of mountains runs under the Pacific Ocean before rising again in New Zealand to the south and Japan to the north. 7. a. The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate below the North American Plate. b. Large earthquakes in San Francisco, Los Angeles and Mexico City. Volcanic eruptions in the north-western USA and Mexico. c. An almost continuous mountain range extends from the north of North America through to the Andes of South America. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Earthquakes The Earth’s structure 1. a. Four b. About 40 kilometres c. The mantle 2. a. They are sliding past each other. b. Plates do not move smoothly and sometimes they become stuck. Pressure builds up and the plates break free with a sudden movement, causing an earthquake. c. At the epicentre, which is directly above the focus of the earthquake. d. Students to label diagram. 3. a. There is a strong spatial association between tectonic plate boundaries and earthquakes. b. Southern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, South-east Asia and the regions bordering the Pacific Plate 4. a. Effects on people: 200 000 lives lost, more than two million people left homeless, some people became refugees, people forced to live in temporary housing as buildings, transport, electricity and communication infrastructure was destroyed. Effects on the environment: landslides. b. Students to label the map appropriately. Deeper understanding 1. a. b. c. d. Students to label the map appropriately. Students’ own responses, based on the map. Need to provide three of each. Diverging means moving apart; converging means moving closer together. Most earthquakes occur at converging plate boundaries. Plates do not move smoothly and sometimes they become stuck. Pressure builds up and the plates break free with a sudden movement, causing an earthquake. 2. AT RISK: Students’ own answers, but could include any from: Indonesia, Japan, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, USA, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, any of the Pacific Island nations, and any of the Caribbean nations. LITTLE RISK: Students’ own answers, but could include any from: Australia, the majority of the European nations, the majority of the African nations, Brazil. 3. Antioch (526): 250 000 fatalities; Haiyaun (1920): 240 000 fatalities; Shaanxi (1556): 830 000 fatalities; Tangshuan (1976): 242 000 fatalities; Tokyo (1923): 140 000 fatalities; Haiti (2010): 230 000 fatalities. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 4. a. Haiti lies on the boundary of the Caribbean Plate and the North American Plate and is therefore at risk of earthquakes. In addition, the infrastructure in Haiti is very poor and homes very basic, making the damage from earthquakes much more devastating. b. Aid agencies responded quickly to provide food and shelter. Many residents of Port-au-Prince evacuated Haiti, many others relocated to nearby cities. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Oceans and coasts Coastal features 1. a. A spit is a curved build up of eroded material that often forms at the mouth of a river. b. Individual answers will vary. c. The groyne 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Cliff Beach Cliffs Rocks Spit River mouth Stacks Beach Headland 3. a. Use submarines or other submersible vehicles, diving and examining earthquake waves b. trench – valley seamount – volcanic cone mid-ocean ridge – mountain range continental shelf – plateau 4. a. Mid-Atlantic Ridge b. Bora Bora is a seamount. 5. Students’ own sketches Deeper understanding 1. a. The stack in the foreground collapsed. b. Coastal erosion caused by waves wore away the limestone stack. c. More stacks will collapse, but new ones will be created. 2. a. Students’ own responses b. The cliffs are being eroded. c. Both coastlines are being eroded by wave action however the cliffs are much higher at the Twelve Apostles. The coastline in Queensland has buildings very close to the eroded coastline whereas the coastline at the Twelve Apostles does not appear to have buildings that will be impacted on by the erosion. d. As the cliffs erode, the houses will collapse into the sea. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 3. a. Individual responses will vary. b. Individual responses will vary. c. Individual responses will vary. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia River environments What are the different parts of a river? 1. a. Students to label diagram similarly to the diagram on page 226 of the Oxford Atlas. The correct order from source to mouth is: waterfall, gorge, oxbow lake, floodplain, estuary, delta. b. A meander c. A tributary is a river or stream that joins the main river. 2. a. Australia – Murray–Darling Africa – Congo Europe – Danube Asia – Ob North America – Mississippi South America – Amazon b. They do not drain to the sea. 3. a. Students to choose any three from: Avoca River, Loddon River, Goulburn River, Ovens River, Mitta Mitta River. b. No c. Students’ own responses Deeper understanding 1. a. Students’ own responses b. Closer to the mouth 2. a. Murrumbidgee River b. Rice c. Domestic uses, irrigation of crops and pastures and water for the environment 3. a. A dam b. To help control flooding on the Yangtze River and provide hydroelectricity. c. The dam has created a lake. This has slowed the movement of the river and flooded the river valley upstream of the dam. d. No. The river doesn’t provide enough flow to warrant a dam. 4. a. Adelaide – Torrens; Brisbane – Brisbane; Canberra – Molonglo; Hobart – Derwent; Melbourne – Yarra; Sydney – Parramatta; Perth – Swan. b. Cairo is built beside the Nile River. 5. a. The river widens to become Lake Burley Griffin. b. B5 Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. Students’ own sketches d. Individual responses will vary. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Desert environments Desert types 1. a. Subtropical, cold winter and cool coastal deserts b. Namib – Cool coastal desert Uluru – Subtropical desert Mawson Station – Cold winter desert 2. a. Under 250 millimetres annually b. Deserts are associated with regions with low rainfall. 3. Along the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S). 4. a. Close to 35° Celsius b. Less than 5 millimetres annually c. It relies on water from the Nile River. 5. a. In central Asia and North America b. Over 5000 metres above sea level 6. a. The Gobi Desert b. The land at the top of the image is a uniform brown colour; the land south of the mountains varies in shades of green. 7. a. Students to fill in the climate graph. b. Arica is located in the Atacama Desert. c. Arica has a fairly uniform warm to hot temperature range, and virtually no rainfall. The temperature drops a few degrees from June to October. d. Water is also obtained from subterranean aquifers. Deeper understanding 1. a. Less than ten b. There is insufficient rainfall to sustain life on a large scale. 2. a. b. c. d. Cairo relies on the Nile River for water. An oasis provides water in the Sahara Desert. Artesian wells drill into aquifers to provide water in Saudi Arabia. Students to add labels in accordance with the image on pages 150–151 of the Oxford Atlas. 3. Students’ own sketches 4. Mining is the human activity that has impacted on both these desert environments. The Kalgoorlie gold mine is an open-cut mine. Here a cut has been made into the surface of the desert and the gold removed. The mine keeps expanding until the gold runs out, creating an enormous pit. The mine at Coober Pedy is an opal mine. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Material is sucked up by large vacuum cleaners and deposited as piles of tailings on the surface of the desert. Miners then search through these distinctive mounds for opals. a. Areas surrounding current deserts are at risk of desertification. b. The city of Nouakchott is being covered by sand dunes advancing from the Sahara Desert. This process threatens to wipe out homes, livestock and livelihoods. c. Formerly workable farmland is turned into desert, meaning that farming communities can no longer work the land. Livestock and crops would perish, and food supplies would be limited. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Rainforest environments Where are the world’s rainforests? 1. a. No b. There is a strong spatial association between the world’s rainforests and the tropical zone. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a. No b. There is a strong spatial association between rainforests and regions of high rainfall. This is particularly pronounced in North America where the coastal rainforests in the high latitudes are spatially associated with rainfall over 2000 millimetres a year. Brazil South America Tropical and mangrove rainforest Peru South America Montane and tropical rainforest El Salvador North America Tropical rainforest Canada North America Temperate rainforest Australia Australia Tropical and temperate rainforest Papua New Guinea Oceania Tropical, montane and mangrove rainforest Indonesia Asia Tropical, montane and mangrove rainforest Cambodia Asia Tropical rainforest Sierra Leone Africa Tropical rainforest Gabon Africa Tropical and mangrove rainforest Congo Africa Tropical rainforest Dem Rep of Congo Africa Montane and tropical rainforest USA (Alaska) Argentina This type of forest requires high temperatures and high annual rainfall. a. Mountains b. 5000 metres c. Andes Mountains 8. Mangrove rainforests are located on river systems. 9. a. Approximately 6000 square kilometres b. River mouths, high rainfall 10. Students’ own sketches Deeper understanding 1. Students to draw on the map. 2. Shifting and marginal cultivation 3. a. The lowland forest is undisturbed rainforest whereas the Santa Cruz image shows large areas of cleared forest. b. Clearing of forested land to become farmland Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. Forest in Bolivia is being cleared and planted with soybeans. The large demand for ethanol (a biofuel) has resulted in the increased demand for soybeans. d. Students’ own work 4. a. In central Africa b. The population of this area is growing rapidly. c. As populations grow there is increased pressure to clear the rainforest so it can be used as farmland. 5. a. b. c. d. Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, eastern India, Thailand, Malaysia Generally high Students’ own work Students’ own work Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Climate How do climates differ? 1. a. 14 b. Hot semi-desert, tropical wet and dry c. Individual answers will vary. d. Individual answers will vary. 2. a. Maximum: 11° C. Minimum: –11° C. b. In June temperatures range between 0° and 10° Celsius and about 60 millimetres of rain falls. In December temperatures range between –3° and –9° Celsius and about 50 millimetres of rain falls. c. Nuuk experiences a polar climate. d. The rest of Greenland and the northernmost regions of Canada, Russia and Europe. 3. a. Tropical wet b. Yes, a small coastal region in far north Queensland. c. Singapore has little seasonal temperature variation, is much wetter and much warmer than Nuuk. 4. a. Mild wet b. Christchurch is not hotter than Singapore or colder than Nuuk. It is not wetter than Singapore or drier than Nuuk. c. Christchurch has reliable year round rainfall with most months receiving about 50 millimetres of rainfall. There is seasonal variation in temperature with the maximum temperature above 15° Celsius between September and May. 5. The first climate graph is for Highlands; the second is for Polar; the third is for Subtropical wet. 6. Students to plot climate graph in the space provided. a. Near the Equator. The temperature is consistently hot and there is a clear wet season, which is typical of tropical areas near the Equator. b. The scale goes from 0–2700 millimetres, whereas in the Oxford Atlas, the range only goes to 400 millimetres. This is because there is so much rainfall in Cherrapunji. c. It has the highest rainfall on the Earth. Deeper understanding 1. a. Individual answers will vary. b. Individual answers will vary. c. Individual answers will vary. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 2. a. Lhasa has two distinct seasons. From May to September temperatures rise above 15° Celsius and rain falls. Throughout the rest of the year there is little to no rainfall and temperatures remain below 15° Celsius, falling as low as – 10° Celsius in January. b. A large part of central Asia, the Andes Mountains (South America) and parts of North America and Africa. 3. a. b. c. d. Over 5000 metres Over 2000 millimetres Under 250 millimetres The western and eastern sides of the Andes in South America and the Rocky Mountains in North America 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. a. From the south of the continents in the Southern Ocean b. Under 250 millimetres a year c. All three continents have warm ocean currents on the east coast. In Africa the rainfall on the Tropic of Capricorn east coast is between 500 and 1000 millimetres a year and in Australia and South America it is over 1500 millimetres a year. Because it is on the southern side of the Himalayan Mountains and receives orographic rainfall. Because of the cold ocean current on the west coast of South America. Because it is near the Equator and in the Sahara Desert. Because it is far from the Equator and is also high on the Antarctic Plateau. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Disasters Disasters from below (tectonic disasters) 1. a. Southern Europe, parts of the Middle East, west and central Asia particularly north of the Himalayas, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, parts of Oceania, the west coast of North America, central America, western South America b. Virtually all of the countries that border the Pacific Ocean are prone to earthquakes. c. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Also accept Solomon Islands and Samoa. 2. a. Six b. The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 that killed 280 000 people. 3. a. Mount Tambora is located in an area of intense volcanic activity – on the boundary between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates and is part of the ‘Ring of fire’. Magma (melted rock) built up in the magma chamber, exploding through an opening in the earth’s crust. b. People were killed by the explosion, lava flows, falling debris, pyroclastic flows, starvation and disease. c. Enormous heat, pyroclastic flow, ash and gas cloud, volcanic bombs, flowing lava, mud flows d. Southern Europe, particularly Italy. Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Alaska and western North America. Central America and the Caribbean, the west coast of South America. Islands of the Pacific such as Fiji and New Zealand. Disasters from above (climatic disasters) 4. Floods. a. China, Hwang River 5. a. Over the sea b. Between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer c. They move away from the Equator towards the temperate regions. They tend to begin heading north-west in the northern hemisphere and southwest in the southern hemisphere. d. South Asia, particularly those countries on the Bay of Bengal; East Asia such as the Philippines and Japan; northern Australia; the Caribbean countries and southern USA states on the Gulf of Mexico. Human disasters 6. a. Industrial accidents, oil spills, oil pollution by ship, terrorist acts b. The Bhopal industrial accident in India in 1984 killed 16 000 people. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. The north Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, northern Indian Ocean, eastern and western Pacific Ocean. Deeper understanding 1. Students’ own responses 2. Individual answers will vary depending on the student’s focus. 3. a. Converging boundaries and diverging boundaries b. Converging boundaries c. Mount Vesuvius and Mount Etna are in Italy on the converging boundary between the Eurasian and African plates. Mount Pinatubo is in the Philippines on the converging boundary between the Philippine and Eurasian plates. Mount Lamington in Papua New Guinea is on the converging plate boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. Mount St Helens is in the USA near the converging boundary between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. Mount Pelee in Martinique lies on the converging boundary between the Caribbean and South American plates. Nevado del Ruiz lies in Colombia where the Nazca and South American plates converge. d. Converging plate boundary e. Because we are located some distance from a plate boundary. 4. a. The land drained by a single river system. b. All rain and snow that falls within the drainage basin flows into this river system. c. Students to label the illustration. 5. a. The warm air is pulled into the cyclone where it spirals upwards and then cools as it reaches higher altitudes. It then descends rapidly in the centre of the cyclone. b. 27° Celsius c. Only in the tropical regions are the waters of the ocean warm enough for cyclones to form. d. June, July and August are the hottest months in New Orleans. By late August, water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are at their highest. e. The coastal region north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The cyclone season runs from November to April in this region during the Australian summer. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Environmental hot spots Human activity 1. a. Europe, Asia and North America b. Sydney c. Yes 2. a. Students to label the illustration as per the same illustration on page 239 of the Oxford Atlas. b. Central Africa, South-East Asia and central and South America c. The natural rainforest has been replaced by farmland, largely for soybean crops. Radial patterned fields surround villages and large rectangular fields have replaced what was previously natural rainforest. 3. a. Students’ own responses b. Europe, eastern and southern Africa, south Asia, eastern North America, central America, northern South America and eastern South America c. Acid rain is not a large problem in Australia. 4. a. A nuclear reactor exploded, and spread a radioactive plume over Europe. Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated and resettled outside a 30-kilometre exclusion zone around the power plant. b. Belarus, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain c. International scale Deeper understanding 1. a. Areas at risk of desertification tend to border current desert regions. b. North-eastern South America c. 20% 2. a. Northern Europe, South-East Asia and eastern North America all have severely polluted air. b. They have huge population centres and heavy industry. c. High population densities d. Yes e. Yes 3. a. Four b. Tropical rainforests c. Roads have been constructed and areas of rainforest cleared and replaced by palm oil plantations. d. Tropical rainforests 4. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 5. a. This area is suffering from dryland salinity. b. Salt from underground water has been forced to rise to the surface as trees with deep root systems have been removed. c. Southern Western Australia, south-east South Australia, Victoria, central New South Wales and pockets of Queensland d. These are regions largely used for agriculture. e. Flat terrain, low rainfall and high evaporation have concentrated the salt in the soil and groundwater. The clearance of vegetation has caused groundwater levels to rise and bring salt near to the surface, killing vegetation and increasing salt levels in streams. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Threatened species Where are species threatened? 1. a. Asia b. China, Mexico, Brazil 2. The Siberian tiger 3. a. Everywhere save for the large population centres around the coastline. b. Close to the large population centres c. The majority of Australia’s threatened species are located near the large population centres, particularly along the east coast. 4. SPECIES THREATS Western lowland gorilla Logging of rainforest and disease Siberian tiger Poaching and habitat destruction Great white shark Killed because they are seen as a threat to humans, caught accidentally in nets Orange-bellied parrot Competition from introduced birds and attacks from foxes and cats Western swamp tortoise Drainage of swamps and attacks from foxes and cats Corroboree frog Attack by skin fungus Shark Bay mouse Trampling and grazing of habitat by cattle and attacks from cats Polar bear Loss of habitat due to climate change Giant panda Loss of bamboo forests due to forestry and farming African elephant Loss of habitat due to farming, poaching for meat and ivory 5. a. Critically endangered b. Endangered c. Near threatened Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Deeper understanding 1. a. Students’ own responses, based on the information on pages 138–139 of the Oxford Atlas. b. The farmer is clearing land to make way for agriculture. This reduces the available food resources for the panda, and could result in a decline in the population. c. The giant panda was once widespread throughout most of southern China. As their natural habitat (bamboo forests) has been cleared, the giant panda is now limited to a few bamboo forest reserves mainly in Sichuan province in central China. 2. a. Near threatened b. Large areas of natural rainforest have been logged to make way for farmland. c. As soil beneath the Earth’s surface is ploughed when farmed, the greater fairy armadillo’s burrows would be disturbed if not destroyed. 3. a. Eleven b. Students’ own responses 4. Elephants are poached for their ivory tusks. 5. a. A species facing a high risk of extinction because of a small population or a rapid decrease in population size. b. The amount of permanent sea ice is reducing. This reduces areas of sea ice on which polar bears hunt seals. c. Students to fill in the chart. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Climate change What causes climate change? 1. Once solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface, most of its energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface for later release as infrared radiation. Some of the infrared radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and clouds, which heats up the Earth. 2. Greenhouse gases prevent some of the radiation from escaping, instead causing it to heat the Earth. 3. Rotting trees, volcanic eruptions 4. Students to draw graphs. 5. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing over the period shown. This is due to a variety of factors, including industry, burning of forests and population growth. 6. African nations produce comparatively little CO2 emissions. The two biggest producers of CO2 emissions are the USA and China. 7. In the left of the image are radial patterned fields. In the right of the image, large rectangular fields can be seen. 8. More people require more food, which means that more areas of rainforest are destroyed to make way for agriculture. Higher population means more industry to create goods for the extra people, which means that more fossil fuels are burned. There will also be more people driving cars, which adds to the problem. Deeper understanding 1. a. b. c. d. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 100% Water areas It has reduced in size. Polar bears rely on sea ice to hunt seals – the reduction in the sea ice means less areas in which they can hunt. Students to colour in the map. Intensive cropping and intensive grazing Students to add to their map. There is a strong spatial association between areas with high population density and regions becoming drier. Students to add to their map. Hydro, bioenergy, solar, wind and geothermal Hydro-electric power is generated by the action of running water. Upstream close to the source, where the river is flowing rapidly. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Population Where do people live? 1. a. Most of the world’s land area is sparsely populated. b. In northern Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, central South America, northern and southern Africa c. China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and most western European countries 2. a. The places with the lowest population density are central Australia and most of Western Australia. The places with the highest population density are south-western Western Australia, the east coast and the south-east corner. b. Most Australian cities of over 100 000 people are distributed in a lineal pattern along the east coast and south coast form the Sunshine Coast in Queensland to Adelaide in South Australia. Exceptions to this general pattern are capital cities and Townsville. 3. a. Places that receive less than 250 millimetres of rainfall per year are generally sparsely populated. b. There are very few people living in these desert regions. c. There are many people living near the Nile River. This region of Egypt is densely populated. This is because of the fresh water and fertile soil provided by the river. 4. a. The coastal regions of Brazil and Argentina and the north-western countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. b. Under one person per square kilometre c. These regions have very low population densities. This is because these regions have cold, dry climates. 5. a. The warm temperatures, abundant rainfall and flat, fertile land b. The delta region is low-lying and crossed by many branches of the Ganges River. These provide the region with fertile soils that can be intensely farmed. However, the river floods often as heavy rains fall in the headwaters on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. As the river floods it covers this low-lying delta region. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Deeper understanding 1. a. The population will grow. b. The population will grow. c. The population will grow quickly. 2. a. Students to draw graph. b. The population has grown most rapidly in the post-war years and has slowed during the wars. The population has been steadily increasing since the early 1990s during a time of economic prosperity. c. Students’ own responses, based on their age. d. No answer required. e. Over 21 million f. Around 40 million g. Nearly double 3. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. It is fairly low. No Niger has a much wider base and narrower top on the population pyramid. Niger Niger Most alike: Indonesia and Mexico; least alike: Australia and Niger. Australia, Mexico, Indonesia, Niger Indonesia, Mexico and Australia: 1.5–2.4; Niger: Over 6.0. Countries with high fertility rates have wide bases on their population pyramids, whereas countries with low fertility rates have narrow bases. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Urbanisation Where are cities located? 1. a. Most urbanised b. USA, Canada, Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Western Sahara (disputed region), Gabon, United Kingdom, Sweden c. South America d. USA, Japan, India, Brazil and China e. India f. Five 2. a. Central Asia, central America, Sub-Saharan Africa b. Papua New Guinea 3. a. b. c. d. e. Students to add labels to diagram. Ten Students’ own responses Perth is on a floodplain and is either side of a river. Sydney is also on a floodplain on either side of a river. It is on a harbour and a bay as well. 4. a. Because of the fertile soils produced in volcanic eruptions. It is also on a bay on either side of a river. b. The dangers of volcanic eruptions c. Individual answers will vary. City shape 5. a. Students’ own sketches b. The city has spread reasonably evenly on both sides of the River Torrens, to the coastline in the west and to the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east. c. Like Adelaide, Hobart has developed on either side of a river – the Derwent River. However, unlike Adelaide the development is much greater on the western side of the river. Unlike Adelaide, development has not reached many parts of the coastline. Mount Wellington has impacted on the spread of Hobart, as has the Mount Lofty Ranges in Adelaide. Deeper understanding 1. a. Cities are growing most rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa and central, eastern and South-East Asia. b. Most are relatively poor countries with a GDP of under US$2000 per person. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. China’s cities are growing rapidly at over 2 per cent per year. China has a GDP of between US$1000 and US$2000 per person per year. This means it is a relatively poor country. d. India’s cities are not growing as quickly as China’s with a growth rate between 0 and 1.0 per cent per year. With a GDP of under US$1000 it is one of the world’s poorer countries. 2. a. Students’ own sketches b. There are many young children in the photograph. 3. a. Africa and Asia b. Growing c. Northern Africa Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Indigenous people What are some examples of indigenous people? 1. Indigenous group Country Berber Algeria Torres Strait Islanders Australia Saami Finland Karen Thailand Kayapo Brazil Dinkas Sudan 2. a. By becoming semi-subsistent and moving to a new patch of rainforest when soil fertility becomes exhausted. b. They both move around but the Berbers live in a desert region whereas the Kayapo live in a rainforest region. The Berbers move in search of water and food, and the Kayapo move as soil fertility is exhausted. c. Because of the different environments in which they live. 3. a. Going from top left to bottom right: A, E, C, D, F, B. b. He has adapted to his environment by: wearing warm, protective clothing and shoes made from the furs and skins of native animals that keep him warm in extremely cold temperatures; using snow and ice to construct a shelter (igloo) to protect him from the cold. 4. a. They either walked across a land bridge that joined Australia and New Guinea or took a canoe from Timor. b. East coast, south-east corner and inland along the Murray-Darling River, north-western Tasmania, south-west corner and the north-west coast c. These are all areas where there would have been plentiful supplies of food and water. d. The First Fleet of convicts arrived in Sydney marking the beginning of European settlement in Australia. Deeper understanding 1. a. The life expectancy for male Indigenous Australians is 59.4 years and for female Indigenous Australians 64.8 years. The life expectancy for male nonOxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Indigenous Australians is 76.6 years and for female non-Indigenous Australians 82.0 years. b. Thirty-nine per cent of Indigenous Australians complete year 12 compared to 75 per cent of non-Indigenous Australians. Twenty two percent of Indigenous Australians have trade or tertiary qualifications compared to 48 per cent of non-Indigenous Australians. c. Overall, Indigenous Australians have a lower standard of living than NonIndigenous Australians. Indigenous Australians have a lower life expectancy, a higher infant mortality rate, lower education levels and higher unemployment than non-Indigenous Australians. 2. a. Indigenous population b. A higher birth rate and higher percentage of total population under 15 years c. Total population d. A higher percentage of the population is over 65 years. 3. Students to complete the diagram. 4. Students’ own responses 5. The mine has contaminated soil so much that the Quechua communities have stopped growing potatoes and lettuce. Many children have elevated levels of heavy metals. The mine has, however, provided employment for the indigenous population. 6. a. Shifting cultivation is the movement of a farming area when soil fertility is exhausted. Small areas of forest are cleared to grow crops. When crop production levels drop, a new plot of land is found in the forest. The abandoned land is left to be reclaimed by natural vegetation. b. Individual answers will vary. 7. a. Strict control of people crossing these borders may impact on nomadic groups who have traditionally crossed these areas in search of feed for their animals. b. If nomadic people are unable to find food for their animal herds they will experience food shortages and loss of income. 8. a. Mount Pinatubo erupted claiming more than 800 lives and destroying 100 000 homes. b. They had to flee their villages as their homes and their forest had been destroyed. c. Because the Aeta’s forest home had been destroyed, they could no longer survive on their diet of fruits, wild banana, honey, game and fish all collected from within the forest. The Aeta were forced to resettle in urban areas or resettlement camps because they could no longer sustain their hunter/gatherer lifestyle. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Economic activity Agriculture 1. a. (answers to b. are highlighted) Wheat, Australia – Commercial, grain dominant Cattle, Australia – Commercial livestock rearing Tomatoes, Saudi Arabia – Specialised market gardening Land clearance, China – Subsistence, mixed crops and livestock Soybeans, Bolivia – Specialised crop Rice, Bali – Intensive, rice dominant Vegetable plot, Brazil – Shifting cultivation Reindeer, Arctic – Nomadic herding 2. a. b. c. d. Two (the others are forest reserves and non farming areas) About 25–30 per cent. Large areas of Australia are too dry for farming. Cattle for meat and sheep for wool In southern New South Wales in the Murray–Darling Basin 3. a. Four b. Deniliquin c. Rice growing areas have a strong spatial association with rivers. 4. a. Australia and southern Africa b. Diamonds, gold, oil and uranium c. Iron, nickel, gas, copper and oil Deeper understanding 1. a. Because it is too hot and too dry. b. Tropical wet and dry; tropical wet. c. Nomadic herding – deserts and cold climate zones; Extensive livestock raising – hot semi-desert. 2. a. b. c. d. Sub-tropical or tropical climate Temperate climate Cities and towns Cattle – desert regions; sheep grazing – semi-desert. 3. a. Farmers pump water from underground aquifers. The water is pumped up from underground and distributed to the fields with a pivot spray creating a circular pattern of crop fields. b. Murray River, Murrumbidgee River, Lachlan River, Macquarie River, Gwydir River, Condamine River, Balonne River c. Murray River Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia d. Water has been used for irrigation. Irrigation is critical for agriculture in both these regions. Water in the Murray–Darling Basin is pumped out of the rivers, whereas in Buraida it is pumped from underground. 4. a. Open cut mining creates an open pit mine on the surface of the land. b. This process creates large holes in the surface of the Earth. There are also large tailings dams and piles of remover soil (called over burden). This region is also accessed by roads, which change the natural environment. c. The enormous scale of the mine, the location of the tailings dams in relation to the mine, the road system, the surrounding landscape d. Employment opportunities and an increase in income for individuals and the country. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Contrasts in living conditions Statistical indicators 1. a. Australia, USA, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Mexico, Libya, most of the western European nations b. Europe, North America and Australia c. Afghanistan, Niger, Central African Republic, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho d. Africa e. In northern Africa, where Libya borders Niger. 2. a. No data available b. High rates c. Africa and southern Asia 3. a. Over 95 percent. Regions which have this rate include Australia, North America, southern South America, Europe and central Asia. b. Australia has the highest literacy rate of over 95 per cent, which contrasts with Papua New Guinea, which has the lowest rate at under 40 per cent. This contrast is greater than that between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. 4. Country Life expectancy Malnourishment Literacy rate Gross Domestic Product Access to safe water Australia > 75 < 10% > 95.0% > $25 000 100% Democratic Republic of Congo 55–64 20–30% 60–74.9% < $1000 < 50% Afghanistan < 45 No data < 40.0% < $1000 < 50% China 65–75 < 10% 85–95% $2000– 5000 70–89% Brazil 65–75 < 10% 85–95% $2000– 5000 90–99% Papua New Guinea 65–75 No data < 40.0% < $1000 < 50% a. Students’ own responses b. Students’ own responses Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia c. Because factors such as availability of water and fertile land, medical facilties, education opportunities and wealth are not distributed evenly throughout the world. Deeper understanding 1. a. Kiribati b. Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu c. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands each receive over $200 million in aid from Australia; East Timor, Philippines and Vietnam each receive $100–200 million. d. There is a strong spatial association between Pacific countries located close to Australia and those countries that receive the largest amounts of Australian Government aid. e. The Australian Government provides aid in the form of food, military personnel, teaching and education, building of infrastructure, medical support and training local people with new skills in agriculture. So the government is sure the aid is getting to the areas intended. f. Australia has provided military support to help maintain law and order as well as supporting East Timor’s coffee industry. Provide education facilities, help build infrastructure, establish medical facilities and provide local people with skills to improve their farming methods. 2. a. There is no record of illegal immigrants entering the country, and they can then ‘disappear’ within a country’s borders. b. The statistics show that the USA has a much higher standard of living than Mexico. c. The border is 3200 kilometres long – more than half of this is the Rio Grande. The US Government attempts to control the flow of illegal immigrants by building high security fences and by using border patrol guards. There are still many illegal border crossings with both California and Texas each having over 1.5 million illegal immigrants. 3. a. b. c. d. Students to fill in the map. Students to fill in the map. Students to fill in the map. Yes Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia Tourism Where do tourists go? 1. a. Between 5 million and 10 million b. Spain, France, Italy, China, USA c. There is a cluster of these countries in western Europe. All of these countries are in the northern hemisphere. d. Most of Africa, western Asia, several South American countries e. Popular tourist attractions are also clustered in Australia and tend to be located in the major cities. This is particularly true for Sydney where five attractions receive more than five million visitors annually. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. Times Square in New York, USA 16 Disney Mainly in the USA and western Europe The Parthenon in Athens is a cultural attraction; Movie World on the Gold Coast is a built attraction; the game park in Africa is a natural attraction. Students’ own responses a. b. c. d. e. f. g. To see the Twelve Apostles rock formations. Natural attraction Roads, tracks, car park, visitor centre, helicopter flights They may trample on native bushes and grasses. Between 1 million and 5 million Crown Entertainment Complex, Federation Square, Queen Victoria Market They are all located in the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne. 3. Deeper understanding 1. a. Tokyo Disneyland is in Tokyo, the capital of Japan in East Asia. b. Victoria Falls c. Africa’s most popular tourist destination, the Pyramids at Giza, is located relatively close to the European tourist attractions. 2. a. A study at the local scale may examine the impact of nearby golf courses on the watertable whereas a study at the national scale may examine the relative importance of Cairo in the Egyptian tourist industry. b. Yes, it is one of the top 50 most visited places in the world. 3. a. Darling Harbour: C4; Kings Cross: F3; Sydney Opera House: E6; Sydney Harbour Bridge: D7; The Rocks: D6. b. About 450 metres Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia 4. a. The resorts are in two distinct clusters. The first is in the south of the main island of Bora Bora, the other is on the eastern fringing reef. Those on the reef follow a linear pattern of distribution. b. Proximity to the coast, flat land, proximity to the reef, access to beaches, protected areas inside the lagoon 5. a. North America, Europe, Russia and China b. Africa, central Asia, some South American countries 6. a. Wealthy countries b. There is as strong spatial association between countries with a high GDP (over US$25 000) and large numbers of tourist arrivals (over 40 million). c. Most tourists travel only short distances, either within their own country (in the case of the USA) or to neighbouring countries (in the case of western Europe). People in these countries generally have high incomes and can afford to travel. 7. a. Japan, USA, Canada, Ecuador, Peru, Israel and most countries in western Europe b. North America, western Europe and some South American countries c. Movement of ideas and expertise and goods such as luggage and planes. There is also movement of finance. 8. a. New Zealand, Indonesia, Fiji b. They are relatively close to Australia and therefore inexpensive to visit. c. Australian tourists interact more frequently with closer countries than more distant countries. 9. a. Because it is close to the pyramids. b. It has probably been accessed from the nearby Nile River or perhaps from bores. Oxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3 © Oxford University Press Australia