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Through geographers’ eyes
Satellite images
What is a map?
Different types of maps
Direction
Grid references
Latitude and longitude
Using scale
Differing scales
Interpreting height on maps
Using topographic maps
Distribution patterns
Comparing spatial patterns
Changing spatial patterns
Landforms
Plate tectonics
Earthquakes
Oceans and coasts
River environments
Desert environments
Rainforest environments
Climate
Disasters
Environmental hot spots
Threatened species
Climate change
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© Oxford University Press Australia
Population
Urbanisation
Indigenous people
Economic activity
Contrasts in living conditions
Tourism
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Through geographers’ eyes
Geographical inquiry
1. The landscape shows Uluru, which is 340 kilometres by plane from Alice Springs, and
450 kilometres by road.
2.
a. Diagonal parallel lines run across the top of Uluru.
b. These parallel lines are due to weathering and erosion of the softer rock by
wind and water forming gullies. Prevailing wind direction would have
impacted on the parallel pattern these gullies form.
3.
a. Taputji is to the north-east of Uluru.
b. Originally Taputji would have been part of Uluru. The softer rock has been
eroded by natural forces (wind, water, temperature changes) over many
years leaving Taputji as a separate rock formation.
c. The long rectangular shape near the sunrise viewing area is an airstrip.
d. This feature was created by a human activity – excavation.
4. Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1. Maps of a landscape are always drawn in the plan view because the scale is constant
over the area shown. A photograph taken in the oblique view is best for observing
both the foreground and background of a feature such as Uluru, whereas a ground
view photograph shows a landscape as we usually see it.
2. The photographs of the Blue Mountains and Sydney Harbour are oblique aerial view.
All others on pages 32–33 are ground view photographs.
3. The elephants are clearing away the debris left by the 2004 tsunami. In the
foreground, you can clearly see a destroyed car and fallen trees.
4.
a. No
b. Because the photograph is a ground view photograph – the scale varies
between the foreground and the background.
5.
a. Students’ own sketches
b. No. The scale is not consistent between the foreground and background,
making map drawing very difficult.
c. The vertical aerial photograph is better for showing the size and shape of
the objects as they appear in maps.
6.
a. The oblique aerial view gives a much better idea of the height and shape of
the landscape than a vertical aerial (plan view) image.
b. Farming and erosion of the coast
7. The following are examples of the questions students might ask.
a. In which country in the Namib Desert located?
b. Why are the dunes in the desert shaped like long lines?
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c. What natural processes have created a desert in this region?
d. Are the waves eroding the desert dunes or bringing sand to the shore?
e. Should this coastline be managed to slow the effects of coastal erosion?
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Satellite images
1.
a. Triangular, like an arrow-head
b. The vegetation close to Uluru is thick and much greener than the lighter,
sparser vegetation further away.
2.
a. The coastline is very straight. There are a number of man-made islands
offshore that are in distinct shapes such as palm trees and the early stages
of a map of the world.
b. To build housing estates where every home has a water frontage.
3.
a. The towns are near the farmland.
b. Satellite images help geographers observe large areas of the Earth’s surface.
c. The snow is located on the peaks of the volcanoes. This tells us that the
volcanoes reach to a high altitude.
4. Students’ own answers
Deeper understanding
1.
a. The vegetation follows the river course appearing as a ribbon either side of
the Nile and covers much of the delta region.
b. People would settle in these areas rather than surrounding desert as the
land is fertile and there is plenty of water available.
2.
a. The mudslides follow the river valleys therefore there is a strong spatial
association between mudslides and river valleys.
b. To the east and south-west
c. The indigenous people lived on the slopes of Mount Pinatubo. The eruption
killed 800 people and destroyed 100 000 homes.
3.
a. Roads have been constructed and areas of rainforest cleared.
b. Forest has been cleared and replaced by palm oil plantations.
c. The rivers and the drainage pattern have remained the same.
4.
a. The large ‘H’ represents an area of high pressure. This tends to produce
generally fine weather.
b. A cold front is approaching Tasmania from the west. This will bring rain and
a quick drop in temperature to Hobart.
c. A tropical cyclone is in the Coral Sea east of Queensland.
d. The low pressure system is responsible for this cloud pattern. This could
bring strong winds and heavy rainfall to Rockhampton.
5.
a. No – most of the roads were flooded and damaged.
b. There is a small wharf at the southern end of the bridge but the water
appears to be full of wrecked boats.
c. By helicopter
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d. Top box: homes destroyed; bottom left: fishing boats wrecked; bottom
centre: flooded mangroves; bottom right: wrecked causeway.
e. Students’ own responses
f. Students’ own responses
g. Relief agencies would use the image to survey the destruction, establish
where aid is required, and establish how to get aid to where it is needed.
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What is a map?
BOLTSS
1. Students’ own responses
2.
a. To give the map reader an idea of the width of the Hudson River.
b. Hunters Point, Greenpoint and Brooklyn Heights
3.
a. Port Phillip Bay
b. The map with north to the top of the map.
4.
a. Six
b. Twelve
c. A dotted red line
5. Southern Manhattan Island
6. By drawing the map at a small scale of 1: 32 000 000.
7. Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Students’ own responses
b. Take William Street travelling south towards the Swan River. Turn left at Roe
Street and then right into Barrack Street. Turn left into Wellington Street
and continue on until you reach the Royal Perth Hospital.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Yes
Mountainous
2190 metres
The Owen Stanley Range
No
Yes
Kokoda
3.
a. A high pressure system
b. Isobars
c. Generally fine weather
d. Perth
e. Tasmania
f. Strong westerly winds
4. Students’ own responses
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Different types of maps
Types of maps
1.
a. Ten
b. The Broad Street pump
c. In order to find out if the water from a particular pump is related to a large
number of cholera deaths.
2.
a. Generally fine weather with light southerly winds
b. The large high pressure area over southern Australia leads to generally fine
weather. Winds rotate around this in a clockwise direction meaning they will
be from the south in Melbourne. The isobars are far apart meaning the
winds will be light.
c. To make predictions about the weather
3.
a. The USA is responsible for most of the world’s Internet traffic.
b. Africa produces little Internet traffic.
c. This map might be used to show the inequalities in access to information in
different places around the world.
4.
5.
a. Yes
b. Africa
c. This map might be used In order to decide where the wealthier nations
might send food aid.
Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1.
a. No
b. Not on the same level but there are some on the ground level.
c. L7
2.
a. In Indonesia
b. Hwang River in China
c. The Amoco Cadiz oil spill deposited 220 000 tonnes of oil into the Atlantic
Ocean.
3.
a. Countries with large CO2 emissions
b. USA and China
c. On the coast
4.
a. It has moved further east.
b. It will continue to move east towards New Zealand.
c. That it will move southwards and then move towards the east.
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d. Local residents could assess their risk and fire-fighters could plan where to
send resources such as fire trucks and helicopters.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Port-au-Prince
Other cities such as Gonaives and Hinche
The movement of aid by air and sea.
Students’ own answers
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Direction
Orientation
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Students to fill in compass points.
North
South-south-west
North and north-west
North-west
2.
a. Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, New South Wales
b. Alice Springs to Barrow Creek: North
Barrow Creek to Mackay: East
Mackay to Dubbo: South
Dubbo to Melbourne: South-south-west
Melbourne to Adelaide: West-north-west
Adelaide to Alice Springs: North-north-west
3. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam: South-East Asia
India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh: South Asia
Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan: North Asia
North Korea, South Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan: East Asia
Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq: West Asia
4.
a. Eastern Europe
b. Southern Europe
c. Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland
5.
a. Nelson Bay
b. Coffs Harbour
c. 50
d. 255
e. 265
f. Move it so that the centre is located on Sydney. Katoomba would then be
278.
Deeper understanding
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
North
North, South, East, West
South
90
2.
a. When describing or predicting the weather, compass directions are used to
describe where the wind is blowing from. A northerly wind, for example,
blows from the north.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
North-west
North-west
South-east
Adelaide
3.
a. From the north
b. From the north
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Students’ own drawings
From the north-west
It has become a south-westerly wind.
The fire flanks would have become fire fronts, heading in a north-east
direction.
5.
a. 90
b. Continue at 90 for 20 kilometres and then turn to a bearing of 189, which
will take you through Denham Sound and Useless Inlet straight to the salt
works. The distance is 92 kilometres.
c. Retrace on a bearing of 11 for 92 kilometres and then turn to a 42 bearing
for 73 kilometres to Carnarvon. Retrace your journey by heading towards
the Naturaliste Channel on a bearing of 224 for 73 kilometres. Turn due
west.
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Grid references
Alphanumeric grid
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Australian Gallery of Sport, Hisense Arena, National Tennis Centre
North Melbourne Cricket Ground
C6
Theatres, the performing arts
La Trobe Street, Spring Street, Flinders Street and Spencer Street
Numbered avenues run north–south with 1st Avenue starting in the east.
Numbered streets run east–west with 1st Street starting in the south.
Numbered streets change from east to west at 5th Avenue.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Kmart
M7
In the Diners Life area, grid reference F7
Yes
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Churchill
Devon Island
D4
H6
Latitude and longitude
2.
3.
4.
a. F1
b. C2
c. E2
d. F2
5. Students’ own work
Deeper understanding
1. Melbourne: E2; Perth: B2; Sydney: F2; Darwin: D4; Brisbane: F3; Hobart: E1;
Adelaide: D2; Canberra: E2
2.
a. Boulder
b. Mount Magnet
c. Lock
d. Students’ own responses
3. Students’ own responses
4. Students’ own responses
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Latitude and longitude
Using latitude and longitude
1.
a. 20°E
b. 0°
c. The Equator
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Tripoli
Addis Ababa
Rabat
Dakar
Brazzaville and Kinshasa
Nairobi
a.
b.
c.
d.
15°N 32°E
0°N 32°E
8°N 13°W
2° 45°E
a.
b.
c.
d.
Monrovia
Nouakchott
Algiers
Banjul
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
12 midnight
9 pm
3 pm
9 am
7 am
3 am
3.
4.
5.
Deeper understanding
1. Students’ own responses
2. Most earthquakes are located near converging plate boundaries.
3.
a. Cambodia
b. Ethiopia
c. Namibia
d. Vietnam
e. France
4.
a. The Loch Ard ran aground on Mutton Bird Island.
b. Survey Gorge
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5.
a. Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre
b. A stack, one of the Twelve Apostles
c. 38°38’55” S, 143°04’14’E
6. Individual answers will vary depending on the route taken.
7. Individual answers will vary depending on the route taken.
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Using scale
What is scale?
1.
a. The Shark Bay mouse is shown at a scale of 1: 1. It would just fit in the palm
of your hand.
b. The northern hairy nosed wombat is shown much smaller than it really is. It
is 10 times larger in reality than in its picture. No, it would not fit in the palm
of your hand. It has been scaled down so the picture fits neatly on the page.
c. The corroboree frog has been shown much larger than it really is. It is only 2
centimetres long and would easily fit in the palm of your hand.
2.
a. The female Queen Alexandra birdwing butterfly holds the world record for
the largest butterfly. Its wingspan can be up to 31 centimetres.
b. 1:4
c. 1:3
3. Students’ own sketches
4.
a. The image on the left is an armoured mistfrog. The image on the right is a
cane toad.
b. Armoured mistfrog – 2:3; Cane toad: 1:3
c. The cane toad would eat the armoured mistfrog.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. No, you would not make the trip on a single tank as it is further than 100
kilometres.
b. You could stop at Swansea.
c. Yes, only just
2.
a. It shows Tasmania in more detail.
b. The scale is shown three ways – as a simple line scale, as a ratio and as a
scale statement.
c. Students’ own estimates, but the figure should come close to 187
kilometres.
d. 7.5 centimetres in length. Each centimetre represents 23 kilometres, so the
distance is 7.5 × 23 = 172.5 kilometres from Hobart to Queenstown.
e. Students’ own responses
3.
a. 200 kilometres
b. About 28 kilometres longer by road than flying
c. About 640 kilometres
4. The Derwent River is approximately 187 kilometres long, making the South Esk River
58 kilometres longer.
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5. Each full square is 500 × 500 = 250 000 square metres. There are 7 full squares and
11 part squares, so a total of 12.5 × 250 000 = 3 125 000 square metres.
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Differing scales
Comparing map scales
1.
a. The third map
b. The first map
c. The second map
2.
a. Larger scale
b. More suburbs, roads, parklands, and natural features such as hills
c. Someone visiting Canberra.
3.
a. A small-scale map
b. 750 kilometres
c. Australia
4.
a. The local scale as it is only possible to visit a small area on a field trip.
b. National
Deeper understanding
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The main landforms of the world
840 kilometres
Two
Someone studying the major rivers of the world.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The main water storages and drainage divisions in Australia
Approximately 325 kilometres at the widest point
Twelve
A larger scale map such as the map of Australia shows the area in more
detail.
e. Someone studying Australia’s rivers.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Water storages in the Murray–Darling Basin
Approximately 110 kilometres
The map shows more rivers. This is because it is at a much larger scale.
Someone studying the effect of rainfall on land use in the Murray–Darling
Basin.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The location of rice industry activities in southern New South Wales.
Approximately 30 kilometres
Because there are fewer rivers in this small region.
Someone studying the rice growing industry of New South Wales.
4.
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5.
a. Desertification is a global problem whereas severe air pollution is a regional
problem.
b. Acid rain is an international issue and industrial accidents are a local
problem.
c. Global
6. Students’ own responses
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Interpreting height on maps
How do cartographers show height?
1.
a. Six
b. South-east
c. North-west
d. Late afternoon
2. Students to add relevant shading to the illustration.
3.
a. More realistic
b. The true shape of the land becomes more obvious, particularly steep-sided
volcanoes in this region and the deep valleys on the sides of the volcanoes.
4.
a. Karismbi
b. Circular
c. They are further apart than the contour lines on the sides of the volcanoes.
5.
a. Between 1000 metres and 2000 metres
b. The desert varies from large flat regions to a series of mountains near the
centre of the region up to 3000 metres above sea level.
c. It is below sea level.
d. Between 0 to 200 metres
6.
a. Muhabura
b. By showing the view from the side, it is possible to see the steepness of the
volcanic peaks and the relatively flat land between Mt Visoke and Mt
Sabinyo.
7. Students’ own sketches
Deeper understanding
1.
a. The east side
b. Muhabura
2.
a. 1:235 000
b. 100 metres
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c.
SIX-FIGURE GRID
REFERENCE
LOCATION
ALTITUDE
RANK
GR693679
Bartle Frere
1622 m
1
GR796608
Innisfail
showgrounds and
racecourse
100 m
=5
GR725616
Cooroo Peak
401 m
3
GR829627
Flying Fish Point
100 m
=5
GR743632
Mt Chalmynia
393 m
4
GR685633
Twin Pinnacles
805 m
2
3.
a. Students’ own sketches
b. It follows a valley. Rivers carve out valleys.
4. GR725616 – round hill; GR708734 – ridge; GR668656 – plateau; GR703683 – spur;
GR712705 – valley.
5.
a. Individual answers will vary
b. After Launumu
6. Students’ own responses
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Using topographic maps
What is a topographic map?
1. a, c and e are all topographic maps
2.
a. National park boundary
b. Broken Head or Mutton Bird Island
c. Dam
d. Cliffs
e. Port Campbell National Park
f. Ocean
3. Mutton Bird Island
4. Students’ own responses
5.
a. Thunder Cave
b. Rutledge Creek
c. AR8122
d. AR8321
6.
a. Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre
b. Loch Ard Gorge
c. GR796201
7.
a. 61 metres
b. 47 metres
8.
a. 70 metres
b. Between 50 and 60 metres
c. GR838224
9.
a. GR805217
b. Climbing
10. Students’ own responses
11. The Port Campbell coastline is home to many tragic stories of ships wrecked and
lives lost. While most people know this coastline as the home of the Twelve
Apostles, it has another, more sinister name, the Shipwreck Coast. One such tragic
story concerns the wrecking of the Loch Ard in 1878.
Bound for Melbourne from England, the ship encountered strong winds,
large waves and fog on Victoria’s southern coast. The coast in this region is made up
of high cliffs and many rocks and the captain found his ship being pushed towards
them. The ship smashed into a reef running out from Mutton Bird Island and began
to sink.
In the huge waves the masts and rigging collapsed, knocking most of the 37
crew and 17 passengers overboard. One passenger, Tom Pearce, clung to an
upturned lifeboat and was washed into the gorge now known as Loch Ard Gorge. He
was washed onto the small beach at the end of the gorge where he lay exhausted
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and dazed in the storm. Five hours later, another passenger, Eva Carmichael, was
washed into the gorge and Tom pulled her to safety. A creek at GR817212 now bears
her name.
The following morning, Tom scaled the high cliff surrounding the gorge and
found help. For weeks afterwards bodies washed into Thunder Cave (GR793204)
where they were recovered. A cemetery at GR801204 holds several of the graves of
the 52 people who died. Eva returned to England and Tom received a hero’s
welcome in Melbourne.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Carnarvon
b. AR6915
2.
a. Useless Loop
b. GR705075
3.
a. 350 metres
b. Steep
c. AR7413, for example
4. Stromatolites – GR745080
5.
a. There are six.
b. Muhabura
c. Cones
d. The border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo follows
the line of these volcanic peaks as does the boundary between Uganda and
Rwanda.
6.
a. Mountainous, there are many contour lines in this region.
b. The rivers and streams flow between the mountains towards the sea
following the lines of the valleys. No rivers cross the Owen Stanley Range.
7.
a. An arch collapsed. This tells us that this coast is being eroded.
b. The highest is 61 metres and the lowest is 21 metres high.
c. Nine. The others have eroded away or there were never twelve in the first
place!
8. Students’ own responses
9.
a. Kibera slum
b. Ngong River and a railway line
c. Royal Nairobi Golf Club
d. There are large contrasts in living conditions.
10.
a. Sugar cane and bananas
b. Flat land
c. They were devastated when a tropical cyclone occurred in the region.
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11.
a.
b.
c.
d.
GR323872
South and then east
Between 1600 (4 pm) and 1700 (5 pm)
About 48 kilometres
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Distribution patterns
Describing distribution patterns
1.
2.
3.
a. Linear pattern
b. Dispersed pattern
c. Radial pattern
d. Clustered pattern
e. Random
Students’ own responses
a. Most of these bushfires have occurred in south-eastern Australia in a
clustered distribution pattern.
b. No, thunderstorms have a more random pattern of distribution.
4.
a. Linear distribution
b. East Asia, Indonesia, southern Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Alaska and the
Aleutian Islands all have volcanoes distributed in a linear pattern.
c. Volcanoes are spatially associated with tectonic plate boundaries that tend
to be linear.
5. Linear pattern
6.
a. Linear
b. Clustered
c. Radial
d. Random
e. Clustered
Deeper understanding
1. Students’ own responses
2.
a. This clustered pattern offers the elephants safety from predators
b. South-eastern region, south-western region and the east coast
3. The palm trees are following the road.
4. Train stations
5. Examples include volcanoes, mountain ranges, small towns on highways.
6. Public services tend to follow a dispersed pattern so that people throughout the city
have access to them.
7. Students’ own responses
8. Students’ own responses
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Comparing spatial patterns
Comparing distribution patterns
1.
a. Less than 250 millimetres of rainfall per year
b. Yes – desert regions are spatially associated with regions with low annual
rainfall.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Students’ own responses
Students’ own responses
Students’ own responses
Deserts have a spatial association with cold ocean currents.
3.
a. The rainfall south of the Himalayas is much greater than the rainfall north of
the Himalayas.
b. Air is forced to rise with increases in land height and it cools to the point of
condensation producing rain. As the air begins to descend from the high
land, it warms and creates dry regions.
c. Students’ own responses
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The wettest area in the region is in the south-east.
High rainfall grazing
The driest area in the region is in the west.
Rangelands
Rainfall has determined which agriculture can be practised in different areas
of this region.
Deeper understanding
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Students’ own responses
They are clustered in the south-east of the country.
Mainly forest and shrubland
Students’ own responses
Densely populated
There is a strong spatial association between severe fires, high population
density and forest and shrubland.
2.
a. Under 200 millimetres annually
b. Over 1600 millimetres annually
c. Over 100 people per square kilometre
d. Dense population is spatially associated with high rainfall.
3. Students’ own responses
4.
a. Europe and North America are the brightest. Africa and Australia are the
darkest.
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b. The patterns are the same in Europe and North America.
c. In Africa, there are large population centres, but little light on the World at
night map. This is due to a lack of electricity throughout much of Africa.
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Changing spatial patterns
Spatial change over time in photographs
1.
a. The Biloxi–Ocean Springs Bridge has collapsed; the floating casino has
moved inland; Point Cadel Marina no longer has any boats in it; much of the
housing has been destroyed.
b. The roads are intact; high rises are intact; the marina itself is intact.
c. Students’ own responses
d. The changes would have been rapid – Hurricane Katrina caused devastation
very quickly.
e. The changes occurred on a large scale as Hurricane Katrina was one of the
largest and strongest hurricanes ever recorded and its path of destruction
continue for almost one week. It caused most damage in the Bahamas,
Cuba, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.
2.
SPATIAL CHANGE OVER
TIME
RAPID OR GRADUAL
SMALL OR LARGE SCALE
Eruption of Mount
Pinatubo
Rapid
Large scale
Uplift of the Himalayan
Mountains
Gradual
Large scale
Extinction of the Stephens
Island wren
Gradual
Small scale
Change in sea level
Gradual
Large scale
Eroding of desert rocks
into an arch
Gradual
Small scale
Spreading of the Sahara
Desert
Gradual
Large scale
Terrorist attack on the
World Trade Center in
New York
Rapid
Small scale
Haiti earthquake
Rapid
Small scale
3.
a. Students’ own responses
b. Students’ own responses
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Deeper understanding
1.
a. Erosion of the coastline – gradual change: collapse of buildings into the
ocean – rapid change
b. Small scale
c. Large scale
2.
a. Small clusters appeared in Africa and North and South America.
b. By 2007, the virus had spread to every continent.
c. The virus was most prominent in Africa, North America and South America
in 1980. By 2007, it had expanded most in Africa and Asia.
3. Students’ own responses
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Landforms
Types of landforms
5. Mountains: Andes Mountains, Himalayas, The Alps
Highlands: Guinea Highlands, Brazilian Highlands, Adamawa Highlands
Plateaux: Plateau of Mato Gross; Plateau of Tibet, Bie Plateau
Plains: West Siberian Plain, North China Plain, Manchurian Plain
Islands: Iceland, South Island, Christmas Island
6. Students’ own responses
7. Caspian Depression, Kermadec Trench, Amazon Basin, Cape Horn, Lake Eyre, Coral
Sea, Indian Ocean, East Pacific Ridge, Hudson Bay, Antarctic Peninsula
8. Asia – Himalayas
Europe – The Alps
Africa – Drakensberg Mountains
North America – Rocky Mountains
South America – Andes Mountains
Australia – Great Dividing Range
Antarctica – Trans-Antarctic Mountains
9.
a. Africa
b. South America
c. Africa
d. South America
10.
a. The plateau appears to be quite flat and of one colour.
b. The land south of the Himalayas looks lush with vegetation; the plateau
appears relatively barren.
c. Plateau of Mato Grosso
11.
a. West Siberian Plain, Manchurian Plain, North China Plain
b. Rivers
c. Yes
12.
a. A volcano formed on a hot spot and was eroded by wind and waves. The
island is the tip of this volcano.
b. It is far too small to be a continent
13. Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1.
a. There is a strong spatial association between large mountain ranges and
tectonic plate boundaries.
b. The movement of the southern continental plate has created a line of fold
mountains where it collides with the northern plate.
c. Students’ own responses
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2.
a. Uluru – wind; Twelve Apostles – waves; Grand Canyon – water; Bora Bora –
waves; Malaspina Glacier – ice; Monument Valley – wind; Banff – ice.
b. Wind and waves
3.
a. Erosion: cave, arch, stack, blowhole, bay, wave-cut platform
Deposition: beach, tombolo, spit
b. Waves have eroded the coastline forming bays, caves, arches, stacks and
wave-cut platforms. Running water from the river has also eroded the
landscape horizontally. Wind has deposited sand directly inland from the
beach forming coastal dunes.
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Plate tectonics
1.
a. The Pacific Plate
b. The Indo-Australian Plate
c. New Zealand is located on a plate boundary.
2.
Eurasian and African plate – Algeria: converging boundary
North American and Eurasian plate – Iceland: diverging boundary
Nazca and South American plate – Chile: converging boundary
North American and Pacific plate - California, USA: converging boundary
Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate – Indonesia: converging boundary
Indo-Australian and Pacific plate - South Island, New Zealand: converging boundary
Indo-Australian and Antarctic plate - Southern Ocean: diverging boundary
3.
a. Ocean-to-continent
b. Continent-to-continent
c. Individual answers will vary.
4.
a. True
b. False
c. False
d. True
e. True
5. Himalayan Mountains, Asia: Continent-to-continent; Colima Volcano, Mexico:
Ocean-to-continent; Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean: Ocean-to-ocean.
6.
a. Antarctica and India
b. India split first, moving northwards.
c. Antarctica split and moved south from Australia.
d. Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1. Students’ own responses
2.
a. The Pacific Plate is moving westwards at about 40 millimetres per year and
is converging with the Indo-Australian Plate.
b. The Southern Alps has been folded and faulted upwards by converging
plates.
c. Air masses reaching the west coast from across the Tasman Sea are forced
to rise to cross the Southern Alps. This causes them to cool and the moisture
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within them to condense and fall as rain on the west coast. These drier air
masses then cross the island bringing much less rain to the east coast.
d. Students to label the diagram similar to the labels on page 36 of the Oxford
Atlas.
3.
a. A tsunami
b. A magnitude 8.1 earthquake
c. Undersea earthquakes can cause tsunamis as they cause uplift in the sea
floor and displacement of the water above.
4.
a. This region of Papua New Guinea is very mountainous with high ranges such
as the Owen Stanley Range and deep valleys. The country is located on a
plate boundary. The mountainous area has a strong spatial association with
the plate boundary.
5.
a. Earthquakes, volcanoes and ocean trenches
b. Japan is located on the boundary of the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
The plate boundary is a converging boundary.
c. As two plates collide one is often forced below the other. This causes a build
up of tension as the plates move and this is released as an earthquake.
6.
a. The labels are for the Aleutian Islands and the Kuril Islands.
b. This relief is mountainous. Large glaciers originating in the mountains flow
out onto a coastal plain.
c. An almost continuous mountain range extends from the north of North
America through to the Andes of South America. The terrain in Papua New
Guinea is mountainous, but the chain of mountains runs under the Pacific
Ocean before rising again in New Zealand to the south and Japan to the
north.
7.
a. The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate below the North American Plate.
b. Large earthquakes in San Francisco, Los Angeles and Mexico City. Volcanic
eruptions in the north-western USA and Mexico.
c. An almost continuous mountain range extends from the north of North
America through to the Andes of South America.
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Earthquakes
The Earth’s structure
1.
a. Four
b. About 40 kilometres
c. The mantle
2.
a. They are sliding past each other.
b. Plates do not move smoothly and sometimes they become stuck. Pressure
builds up and the plates break free with a sudden movement, causing an
earthquake.
c. At the epicentre, which is directly above the focus of the earthquake.
d. Students to label diagram.
3.
a. There is a strong spatial association between tectonic plate boundaries and
earthquakes.
b. Southern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, South-east Asia and the
regions bordering the Pacific Plate
4.
a. Effects on people: 200 000 lives lost, more than two million people left
homeless, some people became refugees, people forced to live in temporary
housing as buildings, transport, electricity and communication infrastructure
was destroyed. Effects on the environment: landslides.
b. Students to label the map appropriately.
Deeper understanding
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Students to label the map appropriately.
Students’ own responses, based on the map. Need to provide three of each.
Diverging means moving apart; converging means moving closer together.
Most earthquakes occur at converging plate boundaries. Plates do not move
smoothly and sometimes they become stuck. Pressure builds up and the
plates break free with a sudden movement, causing an earthquake.
2. AT RISK: Students’ own answers, but could include any from: Indonesia, Japan, East
Timor, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Turkmenistan, USA, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, any of the Pacific Island nations,
and any of the Caribbean nations.
LITTLE RISK: Students’ own answers, but could include any from: Australia, the
majority of the European nations, the majority of the African nations, Brazil.
3. Antioch (526): 250 000 fatalities; Haiyaun (1920): 240 000 fatalities; Shaanxi (1556):
830 000 fatalities; Tangshuan (1976): 242 000 fatalities; Tokyo (1923): 140 000
fatalities; Haiti (2010): 230 000 fatalities.
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4.
a. Haiti lies on the boundary of the Caribbean Plate and the North American
Plate and is therefore at risk of earthquakes. In addition, the infrastructure
in Haiti is very poor and homes very basic, making the damage from
earthquakes much more devastating.
b. Aid agencies responded quickly to provide food and shelter. Many residents
of Port-au-Prince evacuated Haiti, many others relocated to nearby cities.
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Oceans and coasts
Coastal features
1.
a. A spit is a curved build up of eroded material that often forms at the mouth
of a river.
b. Individual answers will vary.
c. The groyne
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Cliff
Beach
Cliffs
Rocks
Spit
River mouth
Stacks
Beach
Headland
3.
a. Use submarines or other submersible vehicles, diving and examining
earthquake waves
b. trench – valley
seamount – volcanic cone
mid-ocean ridge – mountain range
continental shelf – plateau
4.
a. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
b. Bora Bora is a seamount.
5. Students’ own sketches
Deeper understanding
1.
a. The stack in the foreground collapsed.
b. Coastal erosion caused by waves wore away the limestone stack.
c. More stacks will collapse, but new ones will be created.
2.
a. Students’ own responses
b. The cliffs are being eroded.
c. Both coastlines are being eroded by wave action however the cliffs are
much higher at the Twelve Apostles. The coastline in Queensland has
buildings very close to the eroded coastline whereas the coastline at the
Twelve Apostles does not appear to have buildings that will be impacted on
by the erosion.
d. As the cliffs erode, the houses will collapse into the sea.
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3.
a. Individual responses will vary.
b. Individual responses will vary.
c. Individual responses will vary.
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River environments
What are the different parts of a river?
1.
a. Students to label diagram similarly to the diagram on page 226 of the Oxford
Atlas. The correct order from source to mouth is: waterfall, gorge, oxbow
lake, floodplain, estuary, delta.
b. A meander
c. A tributary is a river or stream that joins the main river.
2.
a. Australia – Murray–Darling
Africa – Congo
Europe – Danube
Asia – Ob
North America – Mississippi
South America – Amazon
b. They do not drain to the sea.
3.
a. Students to choose any three from: Avoca River, Loddon River, Goulburn
River, Ovens River, Mitta Mitta River.
b. No
c. Students’ own responses
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Students’ own responses
b. Closer to the mouth
2.
a. Murrumbidgee River
b. Rice
c. Domestic uses, irrigation of crops and pastures and water for the
environment
3.
a. A dam
b. To help control flooding on the Yangtze River and provide hydroelectricity.
c. The dam has created a lake. This has slowed the movement of the river and
flooded the river valley upstream of the dam.
d. No. The river doesn’t provide enough flow to warrant a dam.
4.
a. Adelaide – Torrens; Brisbane – Brisbane; Canberra – Molonglo; Hobart –
Derwent; Melbourne – Yarra; Sydney – Parramatta; Perth – Swan.
b. Cairo is built beside the Nile River.
5.
a. The river widens to become Lake Burley Griffin.
b. B5
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c. Students’ own sketches
d. Individual responses will vary.
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Desert environments
Desert types
1.
a. Subtropical, cold winter and cool coastal deserts
b. Namib – Cool coastal desert
Uluru – Subtropical desert
Mawson Station – Cold winter desert
2.
a. Under 250 millimetres annually
b. Deserts are associated with regions with low rainfall.
3. Along the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S).
4.
a. Close to 35° Celsius
b. Less than 5 millimetres annually
c. It relies on water from the Nile River.
5.
a. In central Asia and North America
b. Over 5000 metres above sea level
6.
a. The Gobi Desert
b. The land at the top of the image is a uniform brown colour; the land south
of the mountains varies in shades of green.
7.
a. Students to fill in the climate graph.
b. Arica is located in the Atacama Desert.
c. Arica has a fairly uniform warm to hot temperature range, and virtually no
rainfall. The temperature drops a few degrees from June to October.
d. Water is also obtained from subterranean aquifers.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Less than ten
b. There is insufficient rainfall to sustain life on a large scale.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cairo relies on the Nile River for water.
An oasis provides water in the Sahara Desert.
Artesian wells drill into aquifers to provide water in Saudi Arabia.
Students to add labels in accordance with the image on pages 150–151 of
the Oxford Atlas.
3. Students’ own sketches
4. Mining is the human activity that has impacted on both these desert environments.
The Kalgoorlie gold mine is an open-cut mine. Here a cut has been made into the
surface of the desert and the gold removed. The mine keeps expanding until the
gold runs out, creating an enormous pit. The mine at Coober Pedy is an opal mine.
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Material is sucked up by large vacuum cleaners and deposited as piles of tailings on
the surface of the desert. Miners then search through these distinctive mounds for
opals.
a. Areas surrounding current deserts are at risk of desertification.
b. The city of Nouakchott is being covered by sand dunes advancing from the
Sahara Desert. This process threatens to wipe out homes, livestock and
livelihoods.
c. Formerly workable farmland is turned into desert, meaning that farming
communities can no longer work the land. Livestock and crops would perish,
and food supplies would be limited.
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Rainforest environments
Where are the world’s rainforests?
1.
a. No
b. There is a strong spatial association between the world’s rainforests and the
tropical zone.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a. No
b. There is a strong spatial association between rainforests and regions of high
rainfall. This is particularly pronounced in North America where the coastal
rainforests in the high latitudes are spatially associated with rainfall over
2000 millimetres a year.
Brazil
South America Tropical and mangrove rainforest
Peru
South America Montane and tropical rainforest
El Salvador
North America Tropical rainforest
Canada
North America Temperate rainforest
Australia
Australia
Tropical and temperate rainforest
Papua New Guinea
Oceania
Tropical, montane and mangrove rainforest
Indonesia
Asia
Tropical, montane and mangrove rainforest
Cambodia
Asia
Tropical rainforest
Sierra Leone
Africa
Tropical rainforest
Gabon
Africa
Tropical and mangrove rainforest
Congo
Africa
Tropical rainforest
Dem Rep of Congo
Africa
Montane and tropical rainforest
USA (Alaska)
Argentina
This type of forest requires high temperatures and high annual rainfall.
a. Mountains
b. 5000 metres
c. Andes Mountains
8. Mangrove rainforests are located on river systems.
9.
a. Approximately 6000 square kilometres
b. River mouths, high rainfall
10. Students’ own sketches
Deeper understanding
1. Students to draw on the map.
2. Shifting and marginal cultivation
3.
a. The lowland forest is undisturbed rainforest whereas the Santa Cruz image
shows large areas of cleared forest.
b. Clearing of forested land to become farmland
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c. Forest in Bolivia is being cleared and planted with soybeans. The large
demand for ethanol (a biofuel) has resulted in the increased demand for
soybeans.
d. Students’ own work
4.
a. In central Africa
b. The population of this area is growing rapidly.
c. As populations grow there is increased pressure to clear the rainforest so it
can be used as farmland.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, eastern India, Thailand, Malaysia
Generally high
Students’ own work
Students’ own work
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Climate
How do climates differ?
1.
a. 14
b. Hot semi-desert, tropical wet and dry
c. Individual answers will vary.
d. Individual answers will vary.
2.
a. Maximum: 11° C. Minimum: –11° C.
b. In June temperatures range between 0° and 10° Celsius and about 60
millimetres of rain falls. In December temperatures range between –3° and
–9° Celsius and about 50 millimetres of rain falls.
c. Nuuk experiences a polar climate.
d. The rest of Greenland and the northernmost regions of Canada, Russia and
Europe.
3.
a. Tropical wet
b. Yes, a small coastal region in far north Queensland.
c. Singapore has little seasonal temperature variation, is much wetter and
much warmer than Nuuk.
4.
a. Mild wet
b. Christchurch is not hotter than Singapore or colder than Nuuk. It is not
wetter than Singapore or drier than Nuuk.
c. Christchurch has reliable year round rainfall with most months receiving
about 50 millimetres of rainfall. There is seasonal variation in temperature
with the maximum temperature above 15° Celsius between September and
May.
5. The first climate graph is for Highlands; the second is for Polar; the third is for
Subtropical wet.
6. Students to plot climate graph in the space provided.
a. Near the Equator. The temperature is consistently hot and there is a clear
wet season, which is typical of tropical areas near the Equator.
b. The scale goes from 0–2700 millimetres, whereas in the Oxford Atlas, the
range only goes to 400 millimetres. This is because there is so much rainfall
in Cherrapunji.
c. It has the highest rainfall on the Earth.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Individual answers will vary.
b. Individual answers will vary.
c. Individual answers will vary.
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2.
a. Lhasa has two distinct seasons. From May to September temperatures rise
above 15° Celsius and rain falls. Throughout the rest of the year there is little
to no rainfall and temperatures remain below 15° Celsius, falling as low as –
10° Celsius in January.
b. A large part of central Asia, the Andes Mountains (South America) and parts
of North America and Africa.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Over 5000 metres
Over 2000 millimetres
Under 250 millimetres
The western and eastern sides of the Andes in South America and the Rocky
Mountains in North America
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a. From the south of the continents in the Southern Ocean
b. Under 250 millimetres a year
c. All three continents have warm ocean currents on the east coast. In Africa
the rainfall on the Tropic of Capricorn east coast is between 500 and 1000
millimetres a year and in Australia and South America it is over 1500
millimetres a year.
Because it is on the southern side of the Himalayan Mountains and receives
orographic rainfall.
Because of the cold ocean current on the west coast of South America.
Because it is near the Equator and in the Sahara Desert.
Because it is far from the Equator and is also high on the Antarctic Plateau.
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Disasters
Disasters from below (tectonic disasters)
1.
a. Southern Europe, parts of the Middle East, west and central Asia particularly
north of the Himalayas, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, parts of Oceania, the
west coast of North America, central America, western South America
b. Virtually all of the countries that border the Pacific Ocean are prone to
earthquakes.
c. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Also accept Solomon Islands and Samoa.
2.
a. Six
b. The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 that killed 280 000 people.
3.
a. Mount Tambora is located in an area of intense volcanic activity – on the
boundary between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates and is part of the
‘Ring of fire’. Magma (melted rock) built up in the magma chamber,
exploding through an opening in the earth’s crust.
b. People were killed by the explosion, lava flows, falling debris, pyroclastic
flows, starvation and disease.
c. Enormous heat, pyroclastic flow, ash and gas cloud, volcanic bombs, flowing
lava, mud flows
d. Southern Europe, particularly Italy. Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Alaska and
western North America. Central America and the Caribbean, the west coast
of South America. Islands of the Pacific such as Fiji and New Zealand.
Disasters from above (climatic disasters)
4.
Floods.
a. China, Hwang River
5.
a. Over the sea
b. Between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer
c. They move away from the Equator towards the temperate regions. They
tend to begin heading north-west in the northern hemisphere and southwest in the southern hemisphere.
d. South Asia, particularly those countries on the Bay of Bengal; East Asia such
as the Philippines and Japan; northern Australia; the Caribbean countries
and southern USA states on the Gulf of Mexico.
Human disasters
6.
a. Industrial accidents, oil spills, oil pollution by ship, terrorist acts
b. The Bhopal industrial accident in India in 1984 killed 16 000 people.
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c. The north Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal,
northern Indian Ocean, eastern and western Pacific Ocean.
Deeper understanding
1. Students’ own responses
2. Individual answers will vary depending on the student’s focus.
3.
a. Converging boundaries and diverging boundaries
b. Converging boundaries
c. Mount Vesuvius and Mount Etna are in Italy on the converging boundary
between the Eurasian and African plates. Mount Pinatubo is in the
Philippines on the converging boundary between the Philippine and
Eurasian plates. Mount Lamington in Papua New Guinea is on the
converging plate boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates.
Mount St Helens is in the USA near the converging boundary between the
Juan de Fuca and North American plates. Mount Pelee in Martinique lies on
the converging boundary between the Caribbean and South American
plates. Nevado del Ruiz lies in Colombia where the Nazca and South
American plates converge.
d. Converging plate boundary
e. Because we are located some distance from a plate boundary.
4.
a. The land drained by a single river system.
b. All rain and snow that falls within the drainage basin flows into this river
system.
c. Students to label the illustration.
5.
a. The warm air is pulled into the cyclone where it spirals upwards and then
cools as it reaches higher altitudes. It then descends rapidly in the centre of
the cyclone.
b. 27° Celsius
c. Only in the tropical regions are the waters of the ocean warm enough for
cyclones to form.
d. June, July and August are the hottest months in New Orleans. By late
August, water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are at their highest.
e. The coastal region north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The cyclone season runs
from November to April in this region during the Australian summer.
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Environmental hot spots
Human activity
1.
a. Europe, Asia and North America
b. Sydney
c. Yes
2.
a. Students to label the illustration as per the same illustration on page 239 of
the Oxford Atlas.
b. Central Africa, South-East Asia and central and South America
c. The natural rainforest has been replaced by farmland, largely for soybean
crops. Radial patterned fields surround villages and large rectangular fields
have replaced what was previously natural rainforest.
3.
a. Students’ own responses
b. Europe, eastern and southern Africa, south Asia, eastern North America,
central America, northern South America and eastern South America
c. Acid rain is not a large problem in Australia.
4.
a. A nuclear reactor exploded, and spread a radioactive plume over Europe.
Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated and resettled outside a
30-kilometre exclusion zone around the power plant.
b. Belarus, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain
c. International scale
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Areas at risk of desertification tend to border current desert regions.
b. North-eastern South America
c. 20%
2.
a. Northern Europe, South-East Asia and eastern North America all have
severely polluted air.
b. They have huge population centres and heavy industry.
c. High population densities
d. Yes
e. Yes
3.
a. Four
b. Tropical rainforests
c. Roads have been constructed and areas of rainforest cleared and replaced
by palm oil plantations.
d. Tropical rainforests
4. Students’ own responses
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5.
a. This area is suffering from dryland salinity.
b. Salt from underground water has been forced to rise to the surface as trees
with deep root systems have been removed.
c. Southern Western Australia, south-east South Australia, Victoria, central
New South Wales and pockets of Queensland
d. These are regions largely used for agriculture.
e. Flat terrain, low rainfall and high evaporation have concentrated the salt in
the soil and groundwater. The clearance of vegetation has caused
groundwater levels to rise and bring salt near to the surface, killing
vegetation and increasing salt levels in streams.
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Threatened species
Where are species threatened?
1.
a. Asia
b. China, Mexico, Brazil
2. The Siberian tiger
3.
a. Everywhere save for the large population centres around the coastline.
b. Close to the large population centres
c. The majority of Australia’s threatened species are located near the large
population centres, particularly along the east coast.
4.
SPECIES
THREATS
Western lowland gorilla
Logging of rainforest and disease
Siberian tiger
Poaching and habitat destruction
Great white shark
Killed because they are seen as a threat
to humans, caught accidentally in nets
Orange-bellied parrot
Competition from introduced birds and
attacks from foxes and cats
Western swamp tortoise
Drainage of swamps and attacks from
foxes and cats
Corroboree frog
Attack by skin fungus
Shark Bay mouse
Trampling and grazing of habitat by
cattle and attacks from cats
Polar bear
Loss of habitat due to climate change
Giant panda
Loss of bamboo forests due to forestry
and farming
African elephant
Loss of habitat due to farming, poaching
for meat and ivory
5.
a. Critically endangered
b. Endangered
c. Near threatened
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Deeper understanding
1.
a. Students’ own responses, based on the information on pages 138–139 of
the Oxford Atlas.
b. The farmer is clearing land to make way for agriculture. This reduces the
available food resources for the panda, and could result in a decline in the
population.
c. The giant panda was once widespread throughout most of southern China.
As their natural habitat (bamboo forests) has been cleared, the giant panda
is now limited to a few bamboo forest reserves mainly in Sichuan province in
central China.
2.
a. Near threatened
b. Large areas of natural rainforest have been logged to make way for
farmland.
c. As soil beneath the Earth’s surface is ploughed when farmed, the greater
fairy armadillo’s burrows would be disturbed if not destroyed.
3.
a. Eleven
b. Students’ own responses
4. Elephants are poached for their ivory tusks.
5.
a. A species facing a high risk of extinction because of a small population or a
rapid decrease in population size.
b. The amount of permanent sea ice is reducing. This reduces areas of sea ice
on which polar bears hunt seals.
c. Students to fill in the chart.
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Climate change
What causes climate change?
1. Once solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface, most of its energy is absorbed by
the Earth’s surface for later release as infrared radiation. Some of the infrared
radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and clouds, which heats up the Earth.
2. Greenhouse gases prevent some of the radiation from escaping, instead causing it to
heat the Earth.
3. Rotting trees, volcanic eruptions
4. Students to draw graphs.
5. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing over the
period shown. This is due to a variety of factors, including industry, burning of
forests and population growth.
6. African nations produce comparatively little CO2 emissions. The two biggest
producers of CO2 emissions are the USA and China.
7. In the left of the image are radial patterned fields. In the right of the image, large
rectangular fields can be seen.
8. More people require more food, which means that more areas of rainforest are
destroyed to make way for agriculture. Higher population means more industry to
create goods for the extra people, which means that more fossil fuels are burned.
There will also be more people driving cars, which adds to the problem.
Deeper understanding
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
100%
Water areas
It has reduced in size.
Polar bears rely on sea ice to hunt seals – the reduction in the sea ice means
less areas in which they can hunt.
Students to colour in the map.
Intensive cropping and intensive grazing
Students to add to their map.
There is a strong spatial association between areas with high population density and
regions becoming drier.
Students to add to their map.
Hydro, bioenergy, solar, wind and geothermal
Hydro-electric power is generated by the action of running water.
Upstream close to the source, where the river is flowing rapidly.
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Population
Where do people live?
1.
a. Most of the world’s land area is sparsely populated.
b. In northern Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, central South America,
northern and southern Africa
c. China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and most western European countries
2.
a. The places with the lowest population density are central Australia and most
of Western Australia. The places with the highest population density are
south-western Western Australia, the east coast and the south-east corner.
b. Most Australian cities of over 100 000 people are distributed in a lineal
pattern along the east coast and south coast form the Sunshine Coast in
Queensland to Adelaide in South Australia. Exceptions to this general
pattern are capital cities and Townsville.
3.
a. Places that receive less than 250 millimetres of rainfall per year are
generally sparsely populated.
b. There are very few people living in these desert regions.
c. There are many people living near the Nile River. This region of Egypt is
densely populated. This is because of the fresh water and fertile soil
provided by the river.
4.
a. The coastal regions of Brazil and Argentina and the north-western countries
of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
b. Under one person per square kilometre
c. These regions have very low population densities. This is because these
regions have cold, dry climates.
5.
a. The warm temperatures, abundant rainfall and flat, fertile land
b. The delta region is low-lying and crossed by many branches of the Ganges
River. These provide the region with fertile soils that can be intensely
farmed. However, the river floods often as heavy rains fall in the headwaters
on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. As the river floods it covers this
low-lying delta region.
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Deeper understanding
1.
a. The population will grow.
b. The population will grow.
c. The population will grow quickly.
2.
a. Students to draw graph.
b. The population has grown most rapidly in the post-war years and has slowed
during the wars. The population has been steadily increasing since the early
1990s during a time of economic prosperity.
c. Students’ own responses, based on their age.
d. No answer required.
e. Over 21 million
f. Around 40 million
g. Nearly double
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
It is fairly low.
No
Niger has a much wider base and narrower top on the population pyramid.
Niger
Niger
Most alike: Indonesia and Mexico; least alike: Australia and Niger.
Australia, Mexico, Indonesia, Niger
Indonesia, Mexico and Australia: 1.5–2.4; Niger: Over 6.0.
Countries with high fertility rates have wide bases on their population
pyramids, whereas countries with low fertility rates have narrow bases.
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Urbanisation
Where are cities located?
1.
a. Most urbanised
b. USA, Canada, Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand,
Saudi Arabia, Libya, Western Sahara (disputed region), Gabon, United
Kingdom, Sweden
c. South America
d. USA, Japan, India, Brazil and China
e. India
f. Five
2.
a. Central Asia, central America, Sub-Saharan Africa
b. Papua New Guinea
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Students to add labels to diagram.
Ten
Students’ own responses
Perth is on a floodplain and is either side of a river.
Sydney is also on a floodplain on either side of a river. It is on a harbour and
a bay as well.
4.
a. Because of the fertile soils produced in volcanic eruptions. It is also on a bay
on either side of a river.
b. The dangers of volcanic eruptions
c. Individual answers will vary.
City shape
5.
a. Students’ own sketches
b. The city has spread reasonably evenly on both sides of the River Torrens, to
the coastline in the west and to the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east.
c. Like Adelaide, Hobart has developed on either side of a river – the Derwent
River. However, unlike Adelaide the development is much greater on the
western side of the river. Unlike Adelaide, development has not reached
many parts of the coastline. Mount Wellington has impacted on the spread
of Hobart, as has the Mount Lofty Ranges in Adelaide.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Cities are growing most rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa and central, eastern
and South-East Asia.
b. Most are relatively poor countries with a GDP of under US$2000 per person.
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c. China’s cities are growing rapidly at over 2 per cent per year. China has a
GDP of between US$1000 and US$2000 per person per year. This means it is
a relatively poor country.
d. India’s cities are not growing as quickly as China’s with a growth rate
between 0 and 1.0 per cent per year. With a GDP of under US$1000 it is one
of the world’s poorer countries.
2.
a. Students’ own sketches
b. There are many young children in the photograph.
3.
a. Africa and Asia
b. Growing
c. Northern Africa
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Indigenous people
What are some examples of indigenous people?
1.
Indigenous group
Country
Berber
Algeria
Torres Strait Islanders
Australia
Saami
Finland
Karen
Thailand
Kayapo
Brazil
Dinkas
Sudan
2.
a. By becoming semi-subsistent and moving to a new patch of rainforest when
soil fertility becomes exhausted.
b. They both move around but the Berbers live in a desert region whereas the
Kayapo live in a rainforest region. The Berbers move in search of water and
food, and the Kayapo move as soil fertility is exhausted.
c. Because of the different environments in which they live.
3.
a. Going from top left to bottom right: A, E, C, D, F, B.
b. He has adapted to his environment by: wearing warm, protective clothing
and shoes made from the furs and skins of native animals that keep him
warm in extremely cold temperatures; using snow and ice to construct a
shelter (igloo) to protect him from the cold.
4.
a. They either walked across a land bridge that joined Australia and New
Guinea or took a canoe from Timor.
b. East coast, south-east corner and inland along the Murray-Darling River,
north-western Tasmania, south-west corner and the north-west coast
c. These are all areas where there would have been plentiful supplies of food
and water.
d. The First Fleet of convicts arrived in Sydney marking the beginning of
European settlement in Australia.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. The life expectancy for male Indigenous Australians is 59.4 years and for
female Indigenous Australians 64.8 years. The life expectancy for male nonOxford Atlas ISBN 978 0 19 557107 3
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Indigenous Australians is 76.6 years and for female non-Indigenous
Australians 82.0 years.
b. Thirty-nine per cent of Indigenous Australians complete year 12 compared
to 75 per cent of non-Indigenous Australians. Twenty two percent of
Indigenous Australians have trade or tertiary qualifications compared to 48
per cent of non-Indigenous Australians.
c. Overall, Indigenous Australians have a lower standard of living than NonIndigenous Australians. Indigenous Australians have a lower life expectancy,
a higher infant mortality rate, lower education levels and higher
unemployment than non-Indigenous Australians.
2.
a. Indigenous population
b. A higher birth rate and higher percentage of total population under 15 years
c. Total population
d. A higher percentage of the population is over 65 years.
3. Students to complete the diagram.
4. Students’ own responses
5. The mine has contaminated soil so much that the Quechua communities have
stopped growing potatoes and lettuce. Many children have elevated levels of heavy
metals. The mine has, however, provided employment for the indigenous
population.
6.
a. Shifting cultivation is the movement of a farming area when soil fertility is
exhausted. Small areas of forest are cleared to grow crops. When crop
production levels drop, a new plot of land is found in the forest. The
abandoned land is left to be reclaimed by natural vegetation.
b. Individual answers will vary.
7.
a. Strict control of people crossing these borders may impact on nomadic
groups who have traditionally crossed these areas in search of feed for their
animals.
b. If nomadic people are unable to find food for their animal herds they will
experience food shortages and loss of income.
8.
a. Mount Pinatubo erupted claiming more than 800 lives and destroying
100 000 homes.
b. They had to flee their villages as their homes and their forest had been
destroyed.
c. Because the Aeta’s forest home had been destroyed, they could no longer
survive on their diet of fruits, wild banana, honey, game and fish all
collected from within the forest. The Aeta were forced to resettle in urban
areas or resettlement camps because they could no longer sustain their
hunter/gatherer lifestyle.
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Economic activity
Agriculture
1.
a. (answers to b. are highlighted)
Wheat, Australia – Commercial, grain dominant
Cattle, Australia – Commercial livestock rearing
Tomatoes, Saudi Arabia – Specialised market gardening
Land clearance, China – Subsistence, mixed crops and livestock
Soybeans, Bolivia – Specialised crop
Rice, Bali – Intensive, rice dominant
Vegetable plot, Brazil – Shifting cultivation
Reindeer, Arctic – Nomadic herding
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Two (the others are forest reserves and non farming areas)
About 25–30 per cent. Large areas of Australia are too dry for farming.
Cattle for meat and sheep for wool
In southern New South Wales in the Murray–Darling Basin
3.
a. Four
b. Deniliquin
c. Rice growing areas have a strong spatial association with rivers.
4.
a. Australia and southern Africa
b. Diamonds, gold, oil and uranium
c. Iron, nickel, gas, copper and oil
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Because it is too hot and too dry.
b. Tropical wet and dry; tropical wet.
c. Nomadic herding – deserts and cold climate zones; Extensive livestock
raising – hot semi-desert.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sub-tropical or tropical climate
Temperate climate
Cities and towns
Cattle – desert regions; sheep grazing – semi-desert.
3.
a. Farmers pump water from underground aquifers. The water is pumped up
from underground and distributed to the fields with a pivot spray creating a
circular pattern of crop fields.
b. Murray River, Murrumbidgee River, Lachlan River, Macquarie River, Gwydir
River, Condamine River, Balonne River
c. Murray River
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d. Water has been used for irrigation. Irrigation is critical for agriculture in both
these regions. Water in the Murray–Darling Basin is pumped out of the
rivers, whereas in Buraida it is pumped from underground.
4.
a. Open cut mining creates an open pit mine on the surface of the land.
b. This process creates large holes in the surface of the Earth. There are also
large tailings dams and piles of remover soil (called over burden). This region
is also accessed by roads, which change the natural environment.
c. The enormous scale of the mine, the location of the tailings dams in relation
to the mine, the road system, the surrounding landscape
d. Employment opportunities and an increase in income for individuals and the
country.
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Contrasts in living conditions
Statistical indicators
1.
a. Australia, USA, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Mexico,
Libya, most of the western European nations
b. Europe, North America and Australia
c. Afghanistan, Niger, Central African Republic, Angola, Zambia, Malawi,
Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho
d. Africa
e. In northern Africa, where Libya borders Niger.
2.
a. No data available
b. High rates
c. Africa and southern Asia
3.
a. Over 95 percent. Regions which have this rate include Australia, North
America, southern South America, Europe and central Asia.
b. Australia has the highest literacy rate of over 95 per cent, which contrasts
with Papua New Guinea, which has the lowest rate at under 40 per cent.
This contrast is greater than that between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.
4.
Country
Life
expectancy
Malnourishment Literacy
rate
Gross
Domestic
Product
Access
to safe
water
Australia
> 75
< 10%
> 95.0%
> $25 000
100%
Democratic
Republic of
Congo
55–64
20–30%
60–74.9%
< $1000
< 50%
Afghanistan
< 45
No data
< 40.0%
< $1000
< 50%
China
65–75
< 10%
85–95%
$2000–
5000
70–89%
Brazil
65–75
< 10%
85–95%
$2000–
5000
90–99%
Papua New
Guinea
65–75
No data
< 40.0%
< $1000
< 50%
a. Students’ own responses
b. Students’ own responses
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c. Because factors such as availability of water and fertile land, medical
facilties, education opportunities and wealth are not distributed evenly
throughout the world.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Kiribati
b. Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu
c. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands each receive over $200
million in aid from Australia; East Timor, Philippines and Vietnam each
receive $100–200 million.
d. There is a strong spatial association between Pacific countries located close
to Australia and those countries that receive the largest amounts of
Australian Government aid.
e. The Australian Government provides aid in the form of food, military
personnel, teaching and education, building of infrastructure, medical
support and training local people with new skills in agriculture. So the
government is sure the aid is getting to the areas intended.
f. Australia has provided military support to help maintain law and order as
well as supporting East Timor’s coffee industry. Provide education facilities,
help build infrastructure, establish medical facilities and provide local people
with skills to improve their farming methods.
2.
a. There is no record of illegal immigrants entering the country, and they can
then ‘disappear’ within a country’s borders.
b. The statistics show that the USA has a much higher standard of living than
Mexico.
c. The border is 3200 kilometres long – more than half of this is the Rio
Grande. The US Government attempts to control the flow of illegal
immigrants by building high security fences and by using border patrol
guards. There are still many illegal border crossings with both California and
Texas each having over 1.5 million illegal immigrants.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Students to fill in the map.
Students to fill in the map.
Students to fill in the map.
Yes
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Tourism
Where do tourists go?
1.
a. Between 5 million and 10 million
b. Spain, France, Italy, China, USA
c. There is a cluster of these countries in western Europe. All of these countries
are in the northern hemisphere.
d. Most of Africa, western Asia, several South American countries
e. Popular tourist attractions are also clustered in Australia and tend to be
located in the major cities. This is particularly true for Sydney where five
attractions receive more than five million visitors annually.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Times Square in New York, USA
16
Disney
Mainly in the USA and western Europe
The Parthenon in Athens is a cultural attraction; Movie World on the Gold
Coast is a built attraction; the game park in Africa is a natural attraction.
Students’ own responses
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
To see the Twelve Apostles rock formations.
Natural attraction
Roads, tracks, car park, visitor centre, helicopter flights
They may trample on native bushes and grasses.
Between 1 million and 5 million
Crown Entertainment Complex, Federation Square, Queen Victoria Market
They are all located in the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne.
3.
Deeper understanding
1.
a. Tokyo Disneyland is in Tokyo, the capital of Japan in East Asia.
b. Victoria Falls
c. Africa’s most popular tourist destination, the Pyramids at Giza, is located
relatively close to the European tourist attractions.
2.
a. A study at the local scale may examine the impact of nearby golf courses on
the watertable whereas a study at the national scale may examine the
relative importance of Cairo in the Egyptian tourist industry.
b. Yes, it is one of the top 50 most visited places in the world.
3.
a. Darling Harbour: C4; Kings Cross: F3; Sydney Opera House: E6; Sydney
Harbour Bridge: D7; The Rocks: D6.
b. About 450 metres
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4.
a. The resorts are in two distinct clusters. The first is in the south of the main
island of Bora Bora, the other is on the eastern fringing reef. Those on the
reef follow a linear pattern of distribution.
b. Proximity to the coast, flat land, proximity to the reef, access to beaches,
protected areas inside the lagoon
5.
a. North America, Europe, Russia and China
b. Africa, central Asia, some South American countries
6.
a. Wealthy countries
b. There is as strong spatial association between countries with a high GDP
(over US$25 000) and large numbers of tourist arrivals (over 40 million).
c. Most tourists travel only short distances, either within their own country (in
the case of the USA) or to neighbouring countries (in the case of western
Europe). People in these countries generally have high incomes and can
afford to travel.
7.
a. Japan, USA, Canada, Ecuador, Peru, Israel and most countries in western
Europe
b. North America, western Europe and some South American countries
c. Movement of ideas and expertise and goods such as luggage and planes.
There is also movement of finance.
8.
a. New Zealand, Indonesia, Fiji
b. They are relatively close to Australia and therefore inexpensive to visit.
c. Australian tourists interact more frequently with closer countries than more
distant countries.
9.
a. Because it is close to the pyramids.
b. It has probably been accessed from the nearby Nile River or perhaps from
bores.
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