Download Little-Seen Kingdoms

Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Two Bacteria Kingdoms

__________________________ organisms – meaning no true membrane bound
nucleus and lack many organelles.
 ___________________________ make up the smaller of the two kingdoms.
 _________________ that lack some special compounds found in eubacteria.
 Genes that are similar to _______________________ bacteria
 More likely to be found in ______________________ environments
 Examples:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 ___________________________ contains more familiar organisms
 Consists of bacteria that decompose most __________________________
 This kingdom contains many __________________________ organisms
 Includes ____________________________, once called blue-green algae.
Characteristics of Bacteria

_________ (average length of about 1 micrometer)

_____________ quickly (given right conditions, can reproduce every 20 minutes!)
 There could be more than _________________ after 5 hours!!
 Within a week, there could be a lump of bacteria that would weigh more
than ________________________!
 They require a great amount of ___________________ to grow
 They need ___________________ to grow rapidly
 The need for ______________________________ limit bacteria growth rate
 Many bacteria together is called a __________________
 Because of overcrowding in a colony, realistically, colonies do not get much
larger than the size of ___________________________.
What do Bacteria look like?
 _______________ basic shapes:
 _______________ – spherical
 _______________ – spiral
 _______________ – rod shaped
 May appear as an _________________ or be grouped together in different patterns
 Prefix – “________________” indicates the bacteria are in a cluster
 Prefix – “________________” describes bacteria arranged end to end in long
chains
 Prefix – “___________________” means chains of spherical bacteria (strep throat).
 Some bacteria can move:
 ______________________ – long, threadlike structure that spins like a
propeller.
 Reproduce _____________________ by binary fission
The Importance of Bacteria
 Bacteria can make us ___________________
 ____________________, leprosy, ______________________, and food poisoning are
caused by bacteria
 Bacteria are more _____________________than harmful.
 _____________________ the waste we produce
 Used in production of foods such as: _____________________________________
 Used in the production of ________________________ and many chemicals
Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista

A very ________________________ kingdom
 Species that can ____________________________________________________
in many ways
 All have __________________ and are _____________________
 Do not form ___________________________________
Two Groups of Protists
 Two general types of organisms: __________________________
 Protozoa:
 __________________________ protists
 Move themselves and capture prey
 Paramecium and amoeba
 Algae:
 __________________________ protists
 Perform photosynthesis
 Unable to move themselves
 spirogyra
Structure and Movement
 _________________________ exhibit traits of both types of protists.
 Have flagella and can move like protozoa
 Carry on photosynthesis like algae
 If a cell can live on its own, apart from a group, it is ________________________
 If it cannot live on its own, apart from the group, it is ________________________
 A group of unicellular protists living together, though it is capable of living on its
own, is called a _________________________.
 In multicellular forms, special groups of cells that perform specific tasks are
called ____________________________
 Three general ways protists move:
 _____________________ – whiplike hairs (whipped back and forth)
 _______________________
 _____________________ – small, hairlike projections (move back and forth
like tiny oars)
 _______________________
 ______________________ – involves a cell forming a bulge as its cytoplasm
flows in one direction, attaches to the surface, and becomes more firm.
The bulge anchors and then moves the cell forward.
 _______________________
Nutrition in Protists

Protists eat other _____________________, _____________________, whatever
debris floating their way, and some use energy from sunlight to make their own
food.
 _________________________– have an oral groove
 _________________________ – have no mouth; cells have chloroplasts (make their
own food)
 _________________________ – can either produce its own food or pull food into an
opening at the base of its flagella.
 Some have __________________________________, where food is engulfed.
Importance of Protists

Are important to lives to other organisms
 Influence _________________________ – which are microscopic organisms that
float or drift near the ocean’s surface.
 Plankton is the food source for most of the ocean’s animals
 Some say, ____________ of all food energy in the ocean originates from protists
with chloroplasts.
 Important diseases and harmful events also caused by protists:
 _________________________
 _________________________
 The overpopulation of dinoflagellites cause the ocean water to turn reddish,
brown. This is known as a ________________________ and is deadly to fish.
Reproduction in Protists

____________________ reproduction
 _________________________ – when a filament breaks and through mitotic
cell division, each filament forms a new colony where there was only one.
 _____________________ reproduction
 _________________________ – when filaments exchange contents of the cell.
Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdom Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi
 There are two typical fungi –
 _______________________________________
 An ____________________________________
 Fungal cells are long filaments called ______________________
 They are connected ___________________________
 May be grouped with others to form larger structures
 _____________________________________ is an example of filamentous
hyphae
 Another structural similarity – _______________________
 Some species produce up to _____________ different types of spores.
 Spores are involved in ______________________ and survive through
unfavorable growth conditions.
 Fungi produce spores in __________________________ ways
 These ways determine how fungi is _________________________
Black Bread Mold
 More than “_________________________”
 Has three types of hyphae:
 ____________________– rootlike
 ___________________ – spreading
 ___________________– spore-bearing
The Edible Mushroom
 The main parts of the edible mushroom:
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________
 Made of densely packed hyphae called _____________________
 In most mushrooms, spores are produced on the tips of special cells on the
____________________
 Some mushrooms may not have gills but have a cap with pores on the
_____________________________ – and in this case, spores are produced within
pores.
Obtaining Energy
 Fungi do not have ______________________ therefore, they must obtain energy
from material around them – but they cannot engulf food.
 Fungi secrete ____________________________ into the area around them
 The enzymes digest the food, and then it is absorbed into the fungal
_________________.
 If the food is already dead BEFORE the fungus absorbs it, the fungus is called
a _______________________________
 If the food is alive, the fungus is called a __________________________
 Some fungi live together with algae in such an intertwined condition that they
appear as a single organism called a ___________________________
 They obtain energy from ______________________________________________.
 The algae receive protection, water, and perhaps some minerals from fungus.
 When both organisms benefit from living together – it is called a
________________________ relationship.
 Fungi that live in symbiotic association with the roots of plants are called
_____________________________
 They _____________________ minerals from the soil much better than roots can
alone
 In exchange for minerals, the plant provides the fungus with energy-rich
________________________________.
 Plants with mycorrhizae usually __________________________ than identical
plants without mycorrhizae
Ecological and Economic Importance
 Fungi affect your life in two major areas:
 Important members of the _____________________________
 Several ___________________________________________ are based on
fungi and their byproducts
 Fungi and bacteria are the main ________________________ in the world.
 Nutrients released through decomposition are _______________________ by
plant roots
 Interact with plants in _______________________ ways, such as symbiotic
mycorrhizae
 Interact in _________________________ ways, such as plant diseases
 Fungi are used in the production of many marketable products:
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 Harvested cacao beans fertilized by ____________________
 ______________________ – an extract from a mold called Penicillium
 ______________________ – used by organ transplant patients.