Download Salmonella

SALMONELLA
What is Salmonella?

 Small gram negative bacillus
 Salmonella spp. are relatively resistant to bile acids
 H2S produced
 Acid and gas produced from glucose
 S. typhi is a non-gas producer and produces minimal
H2S
Salmonella

 Taxonomy:
 Family Enterobacteriaceae
 Genus of Salmonella contains over 2, 000 sero-species
and is one of the most important pathogens in its
family
 Taxonomically, all strains of salmonella fall within one
species – S. enterica
Salmonella

 Taxonomy continued:
 The genus continues to be recognized by the popular
species names
Salmonella enteritidis (enteritis)
Salmonella typhimurium (enteritis)
Salmonella cholerasuis (septicemia)
Salmonella typhi (enteric fever, typhoid fever,
asymptomatic carriage)
 Salmonella paratyphi (enteric fever, asymptomatic
carriage)
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Salmonella- Where is it
found?

 Salmonella can contaminate raw meats, including
chicken, eggs, and unpasteurized milk and cheese
products
 These bacteria are also found in the feces (stool) of
infected persons or pets (e.g., reptiles, chicks, dogs,
cats).
What is Salmonellosis?

 An infection with bacteria called Salmonella
 Any of several bacterial infections caused by species of
Salmonella, ranging from mild to serious infections
 Salmonella germs have been know to cause illness for
over 100 years
 An estimated 1.2 million cases occur annually in the
United States; of these, approximately 42,000 are
laboratory-confirmed cases reported to CDC.
How does Salmonella
spread?

 Salmonella must be swallowed to cause
disease
 Food borne
 Transmitted via improperly prepared,
previously contaminated food or water
 For example eggs and poultry products
(chicken), fruit and vegetables
Spread of Salmonella

 After eating, smoking, or touching the mouth if hands
are contaminated with the bacteria and not washed
well
 Infected persons can spread the bacteria if they do not
wash their hands well after going to the bathroom and
then they handle food that other people eat
 After handling infected or seemingly health animals
and not washing hands
 poultry, pigs, cows, rodents, and pets such as lizards,
turtles, chicks, ducklings, dogs, and cats
Symptoms

 Diarrhea (non-bloody), stomach cramps, headache,
fever, and sometimes vomiting
 Occasionally can establish localized infection (e.g., in
a joint) or enter the blood.
Risk Groups

 Affects all age groups
 Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated
disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with
compromised immune systems.
Diagnosis

 Determining that Salmonella is the cause of the illness
depends on laboratory tests that identify Salmonella
in the stool of an infected person
 Once Salmonella has been identified, further testing
can determine its specific type
Treatment

 Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often
do not require treatment other than oral fluids
 Persons with severe diarrhea may require rehydration
with intravenous fluids
 Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin, are not usually
necessary unless the infection spreads from the intestines
 Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to
antibiotics, largely as a result of the use of antibiotics to
promote the growth of food animals.
Prevention

 No vaccine available
 Cook poultry, ground beef, and eggs thoroughly
 Do not eat or drink foods containing raw eggs, or
raw (unpasteurized) milk
 If you are served undercooked meat, poultry or eggs
in a restaurant, don't hesitate to send it back to the
kitchen for further cooking
Prevention continued

 Wash hands, kitchen work surfaces, and utensils
with soap and water immediately after they have
been in contact with raw meat or poultry
 Be particularly careful with foods prepared for
infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised
 Wash hands with soap after handling reptiles, birds,
or baby chicks, and after contact with pet feces
 Don't work with raw poultry or meat, and an infant
(e.g., feed, change diaper) at the same time.