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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Lessons 1 and 2
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Core – the central part of Earth that lives beneath the mantle
Mantle – the thick layer of solid a molten rock that surrounds the core
Crust – the thin layer of solid rock that makes up the outermost layer of Earth
Hydrosphere – all of Earth’s liquid and solid water including oceans, lakes, rivers,
glaciers, and underground water
5. Landforms – a physical feature on Earth’s surface.
6. Plate tectonics – the theory of how forces deep within Earth can cause seafloors to
spread and continents to move.
7. Magma – hot, melted rock inside Earth
8. Fault – deep cracks in Earth’s crust where rocks move in opposite directions.
9. Earthquake – a sudden movement of Earth’s crust
10. Focus – the place where an earthquake starts
11. Epicenter – the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
12. Volcano – is an opening in Earth’s crust
13. Lava – hot, melted rock that reaches Earth’s surface
Lessons 3 and 4
14. Weathering - the process through which rocks and other materials are broken down
15. Physical weathering – weathering caused by pushing, pulling, rubbing, or temperature
changes
16. Chemical weathering – weathering caused by chemicals breaking down rocks
17. Erosion – process which weathered rock is moved from one place to another
18. Glacier- a large mass of slowly flowing ice
19. Deposition –process by which eroded materials are dropped off in another place
20. Meander – gentle loops in rivers or streams with slow moving water
21. Sediment – particles of soil and rock that are carried away in water
22. Floodplain - a place that is easily flooded when river water rises
23. Barrier island - large sandbars that stretch for hundreds of kilometers along a coastline
24. Tsunami – a series of large waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption beneath
the oceans
25. Levee – a wall or large mound of earth built along a river to prevent it from flooding