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•In 500 BCE, Greece set up 2 farming cities •Southern Italy •Sicily •Both cities grew olives and grapes (still the 2 biggest products in all of Italy) Early People •People existed in Italy long before the Greeks. (possibly from 5000 BCE / Village Remains) •Etruscans – Little is known due to their lack of lang. What we know is from wall paintings. •Very expressive, elaborate, and pleasant. THE RISE OF ROME •Romulus was building a wall to a future city. •His twin bro. Remus was also building what was to be a city in a different area. •The brothers were very competitive and Remus got jealous because Romulus was further along. So Remus jumped the wall and was killed by Romulus. •“So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements.” •Romulus continued bldg. his wall and city over the blood of Remus. •This city became know as Rome (after its builder) Temple of Romulus Rulers •Rome was ruled by the Tarquins (Wealthy Etruscan Family) •Built temples / buildings / and a town square called the forum This became the Roman Gov’t. •Tarquin the Proud became King of Rome •He was kicked out because he was too cruel. •This forced Rome to become a Republic Executive •The Romans / community got to elect their •Dictator – Did nothing leaders •Consuls – made all decisions The Republic set up a Gov’t system Legislative Executive and Legislative Branch •Senate w/ 300 members Debated / proposed laws Advised the consuls Most admired Dictator was Cincinnatus •In 458 BCE – he was plowing the fields •He was asked to join the Roman military during an invasion of Rome •He was very loyal and agreed •He ended up leading the Roman Army, was named Dictator because everyone loved him, won the battle and turned the gov’t back over to the consuls and returned to his fields. •This all took 16 days. Religion •They worshiped nature spirits •They adopted the practice of foretelling the future (oracle of Delphi) •They used the same gods and goddesses as the Greeks did. •Aphrodite = Venus •Ares = Mars •Zeus = Jupiter •Etc… Remains of the oracle at Delphi Family •Father was the head of the household •He had the right to sell family members into slavery or even kill them. •Women had very few legal rights but the Roman women had more rights than the Greek women. •Every male in Rome HAD to serve in the military if needed. •The best fighters were called Legionaries •The Romans treated the people they conquered very well. •This was different than everyone else in the world. •Most other civ. Enslaved or slaughtered conquered peoples. •This good treatment of people is what allowed Rome to continue to grow. •No one wanted to leave and go back home once they were conquered because of how they were treated in Rome. •Rome Vs. The city of Carthage •This was a series of wars •1st – 264-241 BCE •Rome pushed Carthage out of Sicily •Rome had a huge advantage on land (better fighters) but Carthage had a big advan. On water (bigger fleet) •So Rome came up with a plan to get their ships close to the Carthage ships and throw a ladder to connect the 2 ships. Then they could board their opponents ships and commence fighting. •Carthage agreed to Indemnity •2nd War – 221 – 202 BCE •Hannibal takes over as general of Carthage •He leads 40,000 troops and 40 huge war elephants to try and defeat ALL of Rome and Italy. MAP •The journey through the Alps depleted much of Hannibal’s army •Cold, snow, hunger, disease, and attacks by the nomads in the mountains. •Army was reduced to 20,000 and about 15 elephants •Hannibal and Carthage defeated the Romans and ALMOST wiped them out completely. •Refusing to admit defeat General Scipio (Rome) rallied more legionaries and attacked Carthage (no army members were there)! •By 202 BCE Scipio’s forces were in complete control of Carthage and handed over all of their warships and agreed to another indemnity •3rd War – There was 50 years of peace time btwn 2nd and 3rd war. •Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome because Rome continues to grow in size and power. •A senator of Rome (who fought in the 2nd war) was still bitter with Carthage and forced war on them. •In 146 BCE he burned Carthage to the ground, sold the rest of the pop into slavery, and poured salt on the ground of the entire city of Carthage. •This victory gave Rome complete control of the Med. •Rome began to decline •30% of the population were slaves •Corrupt gov’t officials, stealing land and $ for personal use led to the growth in the slave pop. •The upper class of Rome lived in constant fear of revolt…From 73 -71 BCE and army of 70,000 slaves plundered Italy in efforts to gain freedom. They were led by a slave named Spartacus. •Rome came to the rescue of Italy and crushed the slave uprising. SPARTACUS c.109 - 71 BC Thracian Gladiator Spartacus was born in Thrace, became a soldier, and was captured by the Romans. He was sold as a slave to be made a gladiator. With 70 comrades, he escaped, hid on Mount Vesuvius, and raised a large army of rebel slaves. With his army he defeated two Roman legions. Spartacus intended to lead the slaves over the Alps and out of Italy, but the slaves forced him to march on Rome. A fresh Roman army under Crassus finally defeated Spartacus and his men. After his defeat, 6000 men were crucified along the Via Appia as a warning to other slaves. •General Marius came to the consul in 107 BCE – He took all of the unemployed people of Rome and made them soldiers •He paid them and promised land after duty! •This is the 1st ever paid army – Army now loyal to Marius not Rome •General Sulla used the normal Roman Legion to fight against this new mercenary army. •These two groups were now fighting for control of Rome •Sulla won and appointed himself Dictator of Rome •This is the same tactic used by Rome’s most famous dictator - Julius Caesar JULIUS CAESAR •Born in 100 BCE •He became friends with two senators Pompey and Crassus at age 40 •Due to this connection, he was elected to consul at age 41 •The following 10 years, 3 people ruled Rome with equal power – Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus) •Caesar realized that he needed military victories to advance his political career •After several victories, Caesar was hailed as a military hero by the lower class but a political threat to the senate. •Crassus died and Pompey became a bitter rival of Caesar •In 49 BCE, Pompey and the senate ordered Caesar to give up his army •He refused and took his army and another 5,000 men to the other side of the river (divides Rome / Rubicon River) •He then conquered all of Italy and drove Pompey out for good. Pompey (Pompey was beheaded in Egypt) •In 45 BCE – Caesar became dictator of Rome for life •His most lasting influence was the calendar that used 365 days and 1 extra day every 4th year. This was called the Julian Calendar •Many people felt that Caesar was wise and brought peace and order to this new ROMAN EMPIRE – others called him a tyrant •Ancient Roman law states that “any man who plots to become king can be killed w/o trial •A group of senators Brutus and Cassius stabbed Caesar to death in 44 BCE •This act ended the Republic of Rome Not long after this a friend of his, Mark Antony, stepped forward and placed a crown on Caesar's head. But he took it off, and once again the people shouted joyfully. They loved Caesar, but they hated the thought of a king. Soon many of the nobles of Rome, who were jealous of Caesar and fearful of his power, began to plot against him. Cassius, a cunning soldier, whispered to them that Caesar had planned to make himself king, and so they decided that he must die. Even Brutus, Caesar's great friend, joined the plot when he heard that his friend meant to be king - for Brutus loved the State of Rome even more than he loved Caesar, and he thought it would be wrong for one man to have so much power as Caesar would have if he were king. Then one day, when Caesar was sitting in his seat listening to a man's petition, one of the plotters stabbed him. Caesar sprang up and tried to defend himself, but there were drawn daggers all around him. Time after time he was stabbed, and then he saw his great friend Brutus among the murderers. "And thou too Brutus?" he said sorrowfully. Then, drawing his cloak across his face, he fell to the ground and died, mourned by his people. •Octavian Augustus Caesar joined with Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus to form the 2nd Triumvirate •This did not last long – Antony married Cleopatra of Egypt •Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and persuaded Rome that Antony intended to rule Rome form Egypt with a foreign Queen •Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide and Octavian assumed the power as the 1st ever Emperor of Rome and also marks the Birth of the Roman Empire •1st Emperor of Rome – Octavian – He changed his name to Augustus “the Majestic One” He ruled for 40 yrs. •After his death, the next 4 emperors were part of Augustus’ family. They were called the Julio-Claudian Emperors • I. Tiberius 14 – 37 ACE– Accused innocent people of Treason • II. Caligula 37 – 41 ACE– Well liked, freed the enslaved people that Tiberius put away. Very popular, then got sick with a brain fever. Supposedly committed incest with his sister. Became mentally ill / went crazy / paranoid / reenslaved treasonous people / had his brother and father commit suicide / assassinated by his guards • III. Claudius 41 – 54 ACE – He was the nephew of Tiberius. He was born with birth defects (he limped, drooled and stuttered). He focused too much on foreign affairs (Britain) and lost control of Rome. • IV. Nero – 54 – 68 ACE – adopted son of Claudius. His real son Lucius was too weak to rule. His mother basically forced Nero to become Emperor. Did well for a while / went crazy / had his mom killed / became very cruel and insane Good Emperors • I. Nerva 96 – 98 ACE – 1st good emperor • 1st emperor to rule that was not a direct descendant of the previous ruler or in the same family / dynasty. Made several renovations to the coliseum and overhauled Rome’s political system •He died of a stroke which is why his reign was so short. • Trajan – 98-117 ACE – Adopted son of Nerva and his choice as successor. •He took Rome to its greatest size during his term / built several buildings and one huge monument / his ashes were spread at the base of this monument. •He was well loved and admired / some of his later expeditions were failures because Rome go too big to control all of its newly conquered territories •Hadrian – 117 – 138 ACE – His most last achievement was the completion of Hadrian’s wall / he lasted for several yrs. / he focused much of his attention of communication w/ other countries / he had Antonius Pius adopt 2 sons to succeed him as Emperor (Lucius Commodus Verus and Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus). •Antonius Pius – 138 – 161 ACE – His father died and was adopted by Hadrian to be his successor – Hadrian also forced Pius to adopt 2 sons Lucius and Marcus to be his Successors / Pius spent most of his time finishing projects that were started by Hadrian / Pius dies in 161 and for the 1st time Rome has 2 emperors • Lucius and Marcus – 161 – 169 ACE -•Lucius was young and full of energy / supposedly the most handsome of all emperors / he was younger than Marcus / very jealous / Marcus had more power •Marcus was responsible for expanding the empire to its highest strength economically / everyone loved Marcus / his legion was very loyal to him / he was going to turn the throne back over to the people and make Rome a Republic again after he finished fighting the Germanic tribes •Marcus was killed by his son Commodos when Commodos found out the intentions of Marcus