Download Ch. 6 - hillschoolworldhistory

•In 500 BCE, Greece set up 2 farming cities
•Southern Italy
•Sicily
•Both cities grew olives and grapes
(still the 2 biggest products in all of Italy)
Early People
•People existed in Italy long before the Greeks.
(possibly from 5000 BCE / Village Remains)
•Etruscans – Little is known due to their lack of
lang. What we know is from wall paintings.
•Very expressive, elaborate, and pleasant.
THE RISE OF ROME
•Romulus was building a wall to a future city.
•His twin bro. Remus was also building what was to be a
city in a different area.
•The brothers were very competitive and Remus got
jealous because Romulus was further along. So
Remus jumped the wall and was killed by Romulus.
•“So perish whoever else shall overleap my
battlements.”
•Romulus continued bldg. his wall and city over the
blood of Remus.
•This city became know as Rome (after its builder)
Temple of Romulus
Rulers
•Rome was ruled by the Tarquins (Wealthy Etruscan Family)
•Built temples / buildings / and a town square called the forum
This became the Roman Gov’t.
•Tarquin the Proud became King of Rome
•He was kicked out because he was too cruel.
•This forced Rome to become a Republic
Executive
•The Romans / community got to elect their •Dictator – Did nothing
leaders
•Consuls – made all decisions
The Republic set up a Gov’t system
Legislative
Executive and Legislative Branch
•Senate w/ 300 members
Debated / proposed laws
Advised the consuls
Most admired Dictator was
Cincinnatus
•In 458 BCE – he was plowing the
fields
•He was asked to join the Roman
military during an invasion of Rome
•He was very loyal and agreed
•He ended up leading the Roman
Army, was named Dictator
because everyone loved him, won
the battle and turned the gov’t
back over to the consuls and
returned to his fields.
•This all took 16 days.
Religion
•They worshiped nature spirits
•They adopted the practice of
foretelling the future (oracle of
Delphi)
•They used the same gods and
goddesses as the Greeks did.
•Aphrodite = Venus
•Ares = Mars
•Zeus = Jupiter
•Etc…
Remains of the oracle at Delphi
Family
•Father was the head of the
household
•He had the right to sell family
members into slavery or even kill
them.
•Women had very few legal rights but
the Roman women had more rights
than the Greek women.
•Every male in Rome HAD to serve in the military if needed.
•The best fighters were called Legionaries
•The Romans treated the people they conquered very well.
•This was different than everyone else in the world.
•Most other civ. Enslaved or slaughtered conquered
peoples.
•This good treatment of people is what allowed Rome to
continue to grow.
•No one wanted to leave and go back home once they
were conquered because of how they were treated in
Rome.
•Rome Vs. The city of Carthage
•This was a series of wars
•1st – 264-241 BCE
•Rome pushed Carthage out of Sicily
•Rome had a huge advantage on land (better
fighters) but Carthage had a big advan. On water
(bigger fleet)
•So Rome came up with a plan to get their ships
close to the Carthage ships and throw a ladder to
connect the 2 ships. Then they could board their
opponents ships and commence fighting.
•Carthage agreed to Indemnity
•2nd War – 221 – 202 BCE
•Hannibal takes over as general of Carthage
•He leads 40,000 troops and 40 huge war elephants
to try and defeat ALL of Rome and Italy.
MAP
•The journey through the Alps depleted much of
Hannibal’s army
•Cold, snow, hunger, disease, and attacks by the
nomads in the mountains.
•Army was reduced to 20,000 and about 15 elephants
•Hannibal and Carthage defeated the Romans and ALMOST
wiped them out completely.
•Refusing to admit defeat General Scipio (Rome) rallied
more legionaries and attacked Carthage (no army
members were there)!
•By 202 BCE Scipio’s forces were in complete
control of Carthage and handed over all of their
warships and agreed to another indemnity
•3rd War – There was 50 years of peace time btwn 2nd and 3rd
war.
•Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome because Rome
continues to grow in size and power.
•A senator of Rome (who fought in the 2nd war) was still bitter with
Carthage and forced war on them.
•In 146 BCE he burned Carthage to the ground, sold the rest of the
pop into slavery, and poured salt on the ground of the entire city of
Carthage.
•This victory gave Rome complete control of the Med.
•Rome began to decline
•30% of the population were slaves
•Corrupt gov’t officials, stealing land
and $ for personal use led to the
growth in the slave pop.
•The upper class of Rome lived
in constant fear of revolt…From
73 -71 BCE and army of 70,000
slaves plundered Italy in efforts
to gain freedom. They were led
by a slave named Spartacus.
•Rome came to the rescue of
Italy and crushed the slave
uprising.
SPARTACUS
c.109 - 71 BC
Thracian Gladiator
Spartacus was born in Thrace, became a
soldier, and was captured by the Romans.
He was sold as a slave to be made a
gladiator. With 70 comrades, he escaped,
hid on Mount Vesuvius, and raised a large
army of rebel slaves. With his army he
defeated two Roman legions. Spartacus
intended to lead the slaves over the Alps
and out of Italy, but the slaves forced him to
march on Rome. A fresh Roman army
under Crassus finally defeated Spartacus
and his men. After his defeat, 6000 men
were crucified along the Via Appia as a
warning to other slaves.
•General Marius came to the consul in 107 BCE –
He took all of the unemployed people of Rome
and made them soldiers
•He paid them and promised land after duty!
•This is the 1st ever paid army – Army now loyal to
Marius not Rome
•General Sulla used the normal Roman Legion to
fight against this new mercenary army.
•These two groups were now fighting for control of
Rome
•Sulla won and appointed himself Dictator of
Rome
•This is the same tactic used by Rome’s most
famous dictator - Julius Caesar
JULIUS CAESAR
•Born in 100 BCE
•He became friends with two
senators Pompey and Crassus at
age 40
•Due to this connection, he was
elected to consul at age 41
•The following 10 years, 3 people
ruled Rome with equal power –
Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey,
Crassus)
•Caesar realized that he needed military
victories to advance his political career
•After several victories, Caesar was hailed
as a military hero by the lower class but a
political threat to the senate.
•Crassus died and Pompey became a
bitter rival of Caesar
•In 49 BCE, Pompey and the senate
ordered Caesar to give up his army
•He refused and took his army and
another 5,000 men to the other side of the
river (divides Rome / Rubicon River)
•He then conquered all of Italy and drove
Pompey out for good.
Pompey
(Pompey was beheaded in Egypt)
•In 45 BCE – Caesar became
dictator of Rome for life
•His most lasting influence was the
calendar that used 365 days and 1
extra day every 4th year. This was
called the Julian Calendar
•Many people felt that Caesar was wise and
brought peace and order to this new ROMAN
EMPIRE – others called him a tyrant
•Ancient Roman law states that “any man who
plots to become king can be killed w/o trial
•A group of senators Brutus and Cassius
stabbed Caesar to death in 44 BCE
•This act ended the Republic of Rome
Not long after this a friend of his, Mark Antony, stepped forward and placed
a crown on Caesar's head. But he took it off, and once again the people
shouted joyfully. They loved Caesar, but they hated the thought of a king.
Soon many of the nobles of Rome, who were jealous of Caesar and fearful
of his power, began to plot against him. Cassius, a cunning soldier,
whispered to them that Caesar had planned to make himself king, and so
they decided that he must die.
Even Brutus, Caesar's great friend, joined the plot when he heard that his
friend meant to be king - for Brutus loved the State of Rome even more than
he loved Caesar, and he thought it would be wrong for one man to have so
much power as Caesar would have if he were king.
Then one day, when Caesar was sitting in his seat listening to a man's
petition, one of the plotters stabbed him. Caesar sprang up and tried to
defend himself, but there were drawn daggers all around him.
Time after time he was stabbed, and then he saw his great friend Brutus
among the murderers.
"And thou too Brutus?" he said sorrowfully. Then, drawing his cloak across
his face, he fell to the ground and died, mourned by his people.
•Octavian Augustus Caesar joined with Marc
Antony and Marcus Lepidus to form the 2nd
Triumvirate
•This did not last long – Antony married Cleopatra
of Egypt
•Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and persuaded
Rome that Antony intended to rule Rome form
Egypt with a foreign Queen
•Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide and
Octavian assumed the power as the 1st ever
Emperor of Rome and also marks the Birth of the
Roman Empire
•1st Emperor of Rome – Octavian – He changed his name to
Augustus “the Majestic One” He ruled for 40 yrs.
•After his death, the next 4 emperors were part of Augustus’
family. They were called the Julio-Claudian Emperors
• I. Tiberius 14 – 37 ACE– Accused innocent people of
Treason
• II. Caligula 37 – 41 ACE– Well liked, freed the enslaved
people that Tiberius put away. Very popular, then got sick
with a brain fever. Supposedly committed incest with his
sister. Became mentally ill / went crazy / paranoid / reenslaved treasonous people / had his brother and father
commit suicide / assassinated by his guards
• III. Claudius 41 – 54 ACE – He was the nephew of
Tiberius. He was born with birth defects (he limped,
drooled and stuttered). He focused too much on foreign
affairs (Britain) and lost control of Rome.
• IV. Nero – 54 – 68 ACE – adopted son of Claudius. His
real son Lucius was too weak to rule. His mother
basically forced Nero to become Emperor. Did well for a
while / went crazy / had his mom killed / became very
cruel and insane
Good Emperors
• I. Nerva 96 – 98 ACE – 1st good emperor
• 1st emperor to rule that was not a direct descendant of
the previous ruler or in the same family / dynasty. Made
several renovations to the coliseum and overhauled
Rome’s political system
•He died of a stroke which is why his reign was so short.
• Trajan – 98-117 ACE – Adopted son
of Nerva and his choice as
successor.
•He took Rome to its greatest
size during his term / built
several buildings and one huge
monument / his ashes were
spread at the base of this
monument.
•He was well loved and admired
/ some of his later expeditions
were failures because Rome go
too big to control all of its newly
conquered territories
•Hadrian – 117 – 138 ACE – His most last
achievement was the completion of
Hadrian’s wall / he lasted for several yrs. /
he focused much of his attention of
communication w/ other countries / he had
Antonius Pius adopt 2 sons to succeed
him as Emperor (Lucius Commodus Verus
and Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus).
•Antonius Pius – 138 – 161 ACE – His
father died and was adopted by Hadrian to
be his successor – Hadrian also forced
Pius to adopt 2 sons Lucius and Marcus to
be his Successors / Pius spent most of his
time finishing projects that were started by
Hadrian / Pius dies in 161 and for the 1st
time Rome has 2 emperors
• Lucius and Marcus – 161 – 169 ACE -•Lucius was young and full of energy /
supposedly the most handsome of all
emperors / he was younger than Marcus /
very jealous / Marcus had more power
•Marcus was responsible for expanding the
empire to its highest strength economically
/ everyone loved Marcus / his legion was
very loyal to him / he was going to turn the
throne back over to the people and make
Rome a Republic again after he finished
fighting the Germanic tribes
•Marcus was killed by his son Commodos
when Commodos found out the intentions
of Marcus