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Cultural Diversity Culture, Ethnicity and Race Cultural. Ethnicity & Race • Health care providers must work with and provide care to many different people and respect the unique individuality of each person. Factors of Uniqueness • Physical characteristics • Family Life • Socioeconomic status • Religious Beliefs • Geographical Location Factors of Uniqueness • Education • Occupation • Life experiences • Cultural & Ethnic heritagemajor influence on individual uniqueness. Culture • Defined as values, beliefs, attitudes, language, symbols, rituals, behaviors and customs unique to a particular group of people. Culture • Passed from one generation to another. • Set of rules designed for living. • Not uniform among all members, but provides a foundation for behaviors. Culture • Culture is learned: Culture does not just happen. It is taught and imitated by adults. Culture • Culture is social in nature: Individuals in the same cultural group understands appropriate behaviors based on traditions. Culture • Culture is dynamic and constantly changing: New ideas may generate different standards for behaviors and adapting to environmental changes. Ethnicity • Classification of people based on national origin and/or cultural. • Common heritage, geographic location, social customs, language and beliefs. Ethnic Groups & Countries • AfricanAmericans • Central & South Africa • Dominican Republic • Haiti • Jamaica Ethnic Groups & Countries • AsianAmericans • Cambodia • China • India • Japan • Korea • Philippines Ethnic Groups & Countries • EuropeanAmericans • England • France • Germany • Ireland • Poland • Russia Ethnic Groups & Countries • HispanicAmericans • • • • • Cuba Mexico Puerto Rico Spain Central & South America Ethnic Groups & Countries • Egypt • Middle Eastern/Arab • Iran Americans • Palestine • Saudi Arabia • North Africa • Middle East Ethnic Groups & Countries • Native Americans • American Indians (500 tribes) • Eskimos Race • Classification of people based on physical or biological characteristics: • Color of skin, hair, & eyes • Facial features • Bone structure Cultural Diversity • When culture, ethnicity and race influence an individual’s behavior, self-concept, judgment of others and interpersonal relationships. Cultural Diversity • Cultural Assimilation- “melting pot” represents the different cultures blending into the dominant culture. • “Salad Bowl”-cultural differences are appreciated and respected. Cultural Acculturation • Process of learning the beliefs and behaviors and assuming some of the characteristics of the dominant culture. Bias • Bias-preference that prevents impartial judgment. • Ex: Young people are physically and mentally superior to older people. Bias • Ethnocentric-believing that your cultural values are superior than the cultural values of others. • Ex: Antagonizing and being unfriendly toward people from other cultures. Prejudice • Strong feeling or belief about a person or subject that is formed without reviewing facts or information. • Prejudiced individuals regard their ideas or behaviors as right and other ideas or behaviors are wrong. Prejudice • Prejudiced individuals are frequently afraid of things that are different. • Prejudice causes fear and distrust and interferes with interpersonal relationships. Stereotyping • When an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same. • Ignores individual characteristics and “labels” an individual. Avoiding Bias, Prejudice & Stereotyping • Barriers to effective communication and relationships with others. • Know your own personal and professional values and beliefs. Avoiding Bias, Prejudice & Stereotyping • Be sensitive to behaviors and practices different from your own. • Avoid offense jokes. • Evaluate all information before you form an opinion. Understanding Cultural Diversity Health Team Relations Understanding Cultural Diversity • Holistic Care-provides for the well-being of the whole person. Family Organization • Nuclear • Extended Nuclear or Extended • • • • • • Hispanic American Native American Polish American Italian American African American British American Family Organization Patriarchal Matriarchal Language • Dominant language in U.S. is ENGLISH • What percent of U.S. population speaks a language other than English at home? • 20% • Health care workers must ask questions to determine the patient’s ability to communicate. • When possible, find a translator. Techniques for Non-English Speaking Patients • • • • • Speak slowly and use simple words Use gestures or pictures Use non-verbal – smile and touch DON’T speak louder Learn a few essential words and phrases Personal Space and Touch • Close contact vs. distant contact cultures Stay out of my space! Personal Space and Touch • Arab • French & Latin Americans • Hispanic Americans • Gender • European & African Americans • Asian Americans • • • • Cambodia Vietnamese Middle Eastern Native American Eye Contact • European Americans • Maintaining eye contact sign of interest and trustworthiness Eye Contact • What about other cultures? Gestures • Hand gestures mean different things in different countries. • Health care workers must be sensitive when using hand gestures Health Care Beliefs • Biomedical Health Care System or “Western” Systemmost common health care system in the US. • Cause of disease is based on: microorganisms, diseased cell and the aging process. Health Care Beliefs • Eliminating the microorganism, conquering the disease process and preventing the aging process becomes the focus. • Health care providers in the US are biomedically trained. Health Care Beliefs • Encourage patients to learn about their illnesses. • Inform patients about terminal diseases. • Teaching self-care and preventive care. • Use medications to treat and/or cure diseases or illnesses. Health Care Beliefs • All individuals have the right to choose the type of health care system and method of treatment they feel is best. • Health care providers must respect this right. Spirituality & Religion • Spirituality-the beliefs individuals have about themselves, their connections with others and their relationship with a higher power. Spirituality & Religion • Religion-an organized system of beliefs in a superhuman power or higher power. • Atheist-is a person who does not believe in the deity. • Agnostic-is a person who believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved.
