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Cancer Care Training: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Managing Pain and Palliative Care In Rural Primary Care Program Partners Mary Ann Burg, LCSW, PhD Community Health & Family Medicine Kendra Siler-Marsiglio, PhD Director Dawn Grinenko, MD Community Health & Family Medicine Merry Jennifer Markham, MD Adult Medical Director, UF Cancer Survivor Program Gail Adorno, LCSW, MSW Social Worker, UF Cancer Survivor Program Susan Fleming Cancer Program Administrator Why this training, why now? – Growing numbers of cancer survivors require cancer follow-up care and comprehensive health care – Need to increase access for patients to these services in their home communities – Need to increase capacity and skills of rural providers to care for persons with cancer histories National Cancer Survival Rates FIGURE 2-2 Five-year relative survival rates. SOURCE: NCI (2004c). Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Rural North Florida Rate of New Cancers 2002-2006 Rate of Cancer Deaths 2002-2006 Counties with mortality rates higher than state average: Baker , Clay , Dixie, Hamilton, Levy, Madison, Marion, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Union. Putnam County has experienced a RISING trend in cancer mortality: Cancer Survivors By Site of Cancer People With A Cancer History Are Everywhere You Look… Today’s Training Goals: • Discuss the role of the multidisciplinary primary care team in cancer care; • Define cancer-related palliative care • Review best practices for screening and treating palliative care needs of rural patients with cancer histories in primary care settings What is the Cancer Experience? • Treatment, and then what? • Fragmented care • Body changes & unexpected symptoms • Emotional rollercoaster • Role changes • Family stress • Financial stress Life “Before and After” Cancer The Cancer Experience Can Also Be… A new beginning: •“post traumatic growth” • improved wellness behavior • improved health knowledge • A cycle of new medical problems • Cancer recurrences • The beginning of the end Patients Need Comprehensive Cancer Care: • • • • • Anti-cancer therapy Supportive care Palliative care End-of-life care Bereavement care Comprehensive cancer care is ALL care that occurs after a patient is diagnosed with cancer Comprehensive Cancer Care Model Palliative Care Hospice Care Palliative Care Is… “Patient and family-centered care that focuses upon effective management of pain and other distressing symptoms, while incorporating psychosocial and spiritual care according to patient/family needs, values, beliefs and culture(s). The goal of palliative care is to prevent and relieve suffering and support the best quality of life for patients and their families, regardless of the stage of disease or need for other therapies.” NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology – v.1.2010 Palliative Care Is Also… • Relevant to any type of cancer • Important at all stages of cancer care • Care that can be combined with therapies aimed at remitting or curing cancer, or it may be the total focus of care • Multidisciplinary: members of a palliative care team may include professionals from medicine, nursing, social work, chaplaincy, nutrition, rehabilitation, pharmacy and other professional disciplines Caring for the Patient With A Cancer History in a Primary Care Setting • Assessment and treatment of acute and chronic health problems • Health promotion • Cancer screening PALLIATIVE CARE USUAL CARE • Intervention for consequences of cancer and its treatment • Coordination of care between specialists and negotiation of care • Assisting patients through care transitions (including hospice care) Primary Care Is An Essential Site for Palliative Care Primary Care Cancer treatment Cancer follow-up Care Primary Care Cancer recurrence End-of-life care Primary Care Primary Care The Primary Care Team: Taking Multiple Roles In Caring for Persons With Cancer Front Office Social Worker/ Nurse Provider Pharmacist Initiate a cancer care medical record Cancer- sensitive communication Screen for cancer related symptoms Screen for palliative care needs Help coordinate care Encourage family participation in care Assisting in care transitions PLAY VIDEO: INTAKE SPECIALIST & OFFICE STAFF PLAY VIDEO: INTAKE SPECIALIST & OFFICE STAFF Best Practices 1: Welcoming the New Patient With a Cancer History • Acknowledgment of the cancer history & its relevance • Welcoming patient to their “medical home” • Assisting patient in information gathering • Assisting patient in communication with providers Consider Health Literacy “Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions". • Low health literacy impacts cancer incidence, mortality, and quality of life: – Cancer screening information may be ineffective; as a result, patients may be diagnosed at a later stage. – Treatment options may not be fully understood; therefore, some patients may not receive treatments that best meet their needs. – Informed consent documents may be too complex for many patients and consequently, patients may make suboptimal decisions about accepting or rejecting interventions. (Merriman, Betty, CA: A Cancer Journal for Physicians, May/June 2002) Patients With Low Health Literacy May Have Difficulty With… •Locating providers and services •Filling out complex health forms •Sharing their medical history with providers •Interpreting test results •Knowing the connection between risky behaviors and health •Managing chronic health conditions •Understanding directions on prescription labels PLAY VIDEO: NURSE PLAY VIDEO: NURSE The New Patient Medical History Interview: Cancer-related Components 1. Type of cancer /stage of diagnosis/current status 2. Cancer treatments/dates/places/dosages 3. Treatment-related side-effects 4. Patient’s beliefs about their cancer and aftermath Possible Cancer Trajectories • Live cancer free for many years • Live long cancer free, but die rapidly of late recurrence • Live cancer free (first cancer), but develop second primary cancer • Live with intermittent periods of active disease • Live with persistent disease • Live after expected death Welch-McCaffrey et al., 1989 Definition of Cancer Stage • Stage of cancer – – – – Extent that cancer has spread Correlated with prognosis Stages I, II, III, and IV Varies by cancer type • “Early stage” (stage I and II): mostly curable • “Locally advanced” (stage III): sometimes curable • “Metastatic” (stage IV): rarely curable Types of Cancer Treatments • • • • • Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Hormone therapy Treatment type varies by type and stage of cancer Late and Long-term Effects of Cancer • Late effects refer specifically to unrecognized toxicities that are absent or subclinical at the end of therapy and become manifest later with the unmasking of hitherto unseen injury because of any of the following factors: developmental processes, the failure of compensatory mechanisms with the passage of time, or organ senescence. • Long-term effects refer to any side effects or complications of treatment for which a cancer patient must compensate; also know as persistent effects, they begin during treatment and continue beyond the end of treatment. Late effects, in contrast, appear months to years after the completion of treatment. SOURCE: Aziz and Rowland (2003). Common Cancer Effects Can Be Helped With Palliative Care Approaches in the Primary Care Setting Including: • Pain • Fatigue • Anxiety/depression • Sexual side effects PLAY VIDEO: PROVIDER PLAY VIDEO: PROVIDER Pain & Palliative Care Assessment Tools • FACT-G (B, C, M, P) Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – http://www.facit.org/about/overview_website.aspx • Patient Comfort Assessment Guide – www.partnersagainstpain.com • Distress Management Screening Tool – www.nccn.org Possible Complaints by Type of Cancer History GENERAL Pain, fatigue, sleep problems, swelling, weight loss, appetite problems, urinary or bowel problems, sexual dysfunction, shortness of breath Breast Colorectal Lymphedema, hot flashes Appetite, bowel problems, diarrhea, swelling, weight loss Urinary problems, rectal bleeding, sexual dysfunction, hot flashes Pain, cough, shortness of breath Prostate Lung Patients With Cancer Histories May Have More Functional Limitations SOURCE: Hewitt et al. (2003). Best Practices 2: Responding to Cancer-related Symptoms In Primary Care • Prioritize symptoms and negotiate care plan with patient • Set goals with patient to recover optimal level of functioning and quality of life • Encourage patient, family and caregiver participation in care Responding To Pain Complaints In Patients With Cancer Histories Main considerations: • • • • • Type of pain Assessment of pain and functioning Steps of analgesic management Side-effects of pain management Non-pharmacological pain management Common Types of Cancer Pain • Somatic pain • Visceral pain • Neuropathic pain Treatment induced chronic pain syndromes Breast cancer Intercostobrachial neuralgia Phantom breast pain Pain related to implants/reconstruction Peripheral neuropathy Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures Radiation induced plexopathy Head & Neck Postcervical lymph node dissection pain syndrome Accessory nerve damage Jaw ostonecrosis Shoulder pain Lung Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome Chronic “chest tightness” Genitourinary Pelvic pain syndrome Osteoporosis Vertebral compression fractures Levy M, Chwistek M, Mehta RS. Management of chronic pain in cancer survivors. Cancer J 2008;14:401409 Guidelines for Responding to Pain in the Primary Care Setting • Promptly evaluate pain to rule out recurrence or new cancer or other medical problem (x-ray, bone scan, imagery?) • Treat first with analgesics and non-pharmacologic therapies • Refer intractable pain back to oncologist or pain specialist for narcotics and other approaches Steps of Analgesic Pain Management Common symptoms Type of pain Co-analgesic medications Focal/incident pain Somatic NSAIDs Dull, poorly localized Visceral Sharp, shooting, stabbing, burning Localized to neural dermatome or distal extremities Neuropathic Tricyclic antidepressants Desipramine Nortriptyline Levy M, Chwistek M, Mehta RS. Management of chronic pain in cancer survivors. Cancer J 2008;14:401409 Common Side-Effects of Pain Management • Constipation from narcotics • Somnolence • Gastrointestinal problems (e.g., dyspepsia or gastritis from NSAIDS) Consider Non-pharmacologic Modalities • • • • • • • Physical therapy Acupuncture Hypnosis Mindfulness-based stress reduction Cognitive behavior therapy Guided imagery Massage Frequent Use of Complementary Therapies After Cancer • • • • • • Relaxation techniques (44%) Spiritual forms of healing (42%) Nutritional supplements (40%) Meditation (15%) Massage (11%) Support groups (10%) •Gansler T, Kaw C, Crammer C, Smith T. A population-based study of prevalence of complementary methods use by cancer survivors. Cancer 2008;113:1048-57. Special Considerations In Pain Management In the Primary Care Setting • Even if you don’t prescribe narcotics in your practice, cancer patients may be taking them under the care of a pain specialist or oncologist • There is a real stigma of addiction among patients and families which can be a barrier to pain control • Patients may be reluctant to take adequate pain medications because they fear being over-medicated and less cognitively sharp Best Practices 3: Pain Management In Palliative Care • Consider patient’s ability to function in usual activities and how to improve it • Consider “double effect” approach to pain and multiple symptoms (e.g., treating anxiety first) • Negotiate goals of care and treatment priorities with patient and family • Coordinate team approach to care Patient and Family Education About Pain Palliation • Relief of pain is important; there is no benefit to suffering with pain. • There are many options to treating pain. • When narcotic drugs are used appropriately to treat pain, addiction is rarely a problem. • Communication with doctors and nurses about your pain is critical. • Pain can be helped with non-pharmacologic therapies Review: Goals of Primary Care Provider With Patients with Cancer Histories • • • • • • • Comprehensive cancer-related history Surveillance for cancer spread, recurrence Assessment of medical and psychosocial effects of cancer Health promotion Palliative care intervention for consequences of cancer and its treatment Coordination of care between specialists and negotiation of care Assisting patients through care transitions (including hospice care) PLAY VIDEO: SOCIAL WORKER PLAY VIDEO: SOCIAL WORKER Psychological Impacts of Surviving Cancer • Fear • Feelings of isolation • Ambivalence about completing treatment • Coping with permanent disabilities • Realization of lost opportunities • Unanticipated depression when recovery is supposed to be a “good thing” • Anxiety associated with checkups • New meaning to life (“Post-traumatic growth”) Psycho- Social lmpacts of Cancer Risk Factors for Psychological Distress in Survivors – – – – – – – – Unexpected symptoms No discussion of cancer within the family Family problems Low social support Pain and/or fatigue Co-morbidity Impaired professional work Previous psychiatric problems *Massie MJ. Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2004;32:57–71. Components of Palliative Psychosocial Care for Patients With Cancer Histories • Know risk factors for psychosocial distress • Assess psychosocial problems • Provide supportive counseling • Connect patients with appropriate services • Coordinate psychosocial and biomedical care • Engage family and caregivers in care Interventions for Psychological Distress – Relaxation therapy • Progressive relaxation, Guided imagery, meditation, yoga – Psycho-education • Providing information through print, audiovision or chat rooms increases knowledge about cancer and reduces uncertainty – Supportive-expressive therapies • Group therapy, Art therapies – Cognitive-behavioral therapy • Changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors – Family therapy/Couples counseling Jacobsen PB, Jim HS. Psychosocial interventions for anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: achievements and Challenges. CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58:214-230. Comprehensive Cancer Care Includes End-of-Life Care Palliative Care Hospice Care Hospice Care Goals: • Safe and comfortable dying • Self-determined life closure • Effective grieving Levels of Hospice Care • • • • Routine care General inpatient care Continuous care Respite care Hospice Core services • Interdisciplinary care – Chaplaincy, nursing, medical social services, counseling, volunteers – Hospice medical director – Primary care physician – Palliative care physician (consultation) • Bereavement counseling • Medical equipment, supplies • Medications and therapies related to the terminal diagnosis Review: Role of the Primary Care Team With Patients with Cancer Histories • Communicate with and support the patient • Assist patient and family retrieve and comprehend medical information • Assess for AND respond to psychosocial problems • Be aware of therapeutic options • Have knowledge of community resources and covered services • Address ongoing health maintenance needs • Assist in care coordination • Maintain regular contact • Be available Brotzman GL, Robertson RG. Role of the primary care physician after the diagnosis of cancer. Prim Care. 1998;25:401–6 Cancer Supportive Care Resources • • • • Local resources State resources National resources Complementary and alternative care resources COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CARE FOR THE RURAL PRIMARY CARE PATIENT: IT TAKES A TEAM! PLAY VIDEO THROUGH END